Natalician: Difference between revisions

Natalician (view source)

Revision as of 23:44, 14 November 2024

3,534 bytes added , 14 November 2024

no edit summary

Hazer

Bots

408

edits

@@ Line 414: / Line 414: @@
 * Loanwords also disobeys vowel harmony: ''Kofi'' ("Coffee")
 * Every grammatical prefix disobeys the vowel harmony aswell.
+==Parts of speech==
+There are nine '''parts of speech''' (''kurzuk felev'') in Natalician.
+#'''[[noun]]''' (''iztin'' "name");
+#'''[[pronoun]]''' (''kahuče'' from Amaranian '''kayoûtshéy''', or ''reširnel iztinev'' "personal names");
+#'''[[adjective]]''' (''oruvaš'' "quality");
+#'''[[verb]]''' (''öhker'' from Amaranian '''eiyiker''', or ''dirzik'' "action");
+#'''[[adverb]]''' (''randara'');
+#'''[[postposition]]''' (''hasah eřči'' "later addition");
+#'''[[Grammatical conjunction|conjunction]]''' (''sedlek übeřre'' "sentence link");
+#'''[[Grammatical particle|particle]]''' (''meres'');
+#'''[[interjection]]''' (''venzik rimizli'' "feeling manifester").
+Only nouns and verbs are inflected in Natalician. An adjective can usually be treated as a noun, in which case it can also be inflected. Inflection can give a noun features of a verb such as person and tense. With inflection, a verb can become one of the following:
+* '''verbal noun''' (''öhkernel iztin'');
+* verbal adjective (''öhkernel oruvaš'');
+* '''verbal adverb''' (''öhkernel randara'').
+These have peculiarities not shared with other nouns, adjectives or adverbs.
+For example, some participles take a ''person'' the way verbs do.
+Also, a verbal noun or adverb can take a direct object.
+In Natalician, an ascriptive clause can be composed of a common noun standing alone as the Predicative, both the Subject and the Predicator being implicit and assumed from the situation. Example:
+:''köpek'' – "dog"
+:''Köpek.'' – "It is a dog."
+This means that both a noun and a verb can alone constitute an affirmative clause in Turkish, which is not the case in English.
+There are two standards for listing verbs in dictionaries. Most dictionaries follow the tradition of spelling out the '''infinitive form''' of the verb as the [[headword]] of the entry, but others such as the Redhouse Turkish-English Dictionary are more technical and spell out the '''stem''' of the verb instead, that is, they spell out a string of letters that is useful for producing all other verb forms through morphological rules. Similar to the latter, this article follows the stem-as-citeword standard.
+* '''Infinitive''': ''koşmak'' ("to run")
+* '''Stem''': ''koş-'' ("run")
+In Turkish, the verbal stem is also the second-person singular imperative form. Example:
+:''koş-'' (stem meaning "run")
+:''Koş!'' ("Run!")
+Many verbs are formed from nouns by addition of ''-le''. For example:
+:''köpek'' – "dog"
+:''köpekle'' – "dog paddle" (in any of several ways)
+The [[aorist]] tense of a verb is formed by adding ''-(i/e)r''. The plural of a noun is formed by suffixing ''-ler''.
+Hence, the suffix ''-ler'' can indicate either a plural noun or a finite verb:
+:''Köpek'' + ''ler'' – "(They are) dogs."
+:''Köpekle'' + ''r'' – "S/he dog paddles."
+Most adjectives can be treated as nouns or pronouns. For example, ''genç'' can mean "young", "young person", or "the young person being referred to".
+An adjective or noun can stand, as a modifier, before a noun.  If the modifier is a noun (but not a noun of material), then the second noun word takes the inflectional suffix ''-i'':
+:''ak diş'' – "white tooth"
+:''altın diş'' – "gold tooth"
+:''köpek dişi'' – "canine tooth"
+[[Comparison (grammar)|Comparison]] of adjectives is not done by inflecting adjectives or adverbs, but by other means (described [[#Comparison|below]]).
+Adjectives can serve as adverbs, sometimes by means of repetition:
+:''yavaş'' – "slow"
+:''yavaş yavaş'' – "slowly"