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'''Zzean''' /ˈθiːən/ is an analytic monosyllabic tonal language in the Akya-Woms family, spoken in Aem-Zmaə. It is head-final and SVO. | '''Zzean''' /ˈθiːən/ is an analytic monosyllabic tonal language in the Akya-Woms family, spoken in Aem-Zmaə. It is head-final and SVO. | ||
== Proto- | == Proto-Trans-Sarnathian == | ||
Proto- | Proto-Trans-Sarnathian was spoken 3000 years BP. | ||
Fortunately for Angaian historical linguists, extremely conservative relatives of Zzean within the | Fortunately for Angaian historical linguists, extremely conservative relatives of Zzean within the Trans-Sarnathian branch are spoken in highly mountainous areas. They allow much of Proto-Trans-Sarnathian to be reconstructed. | ||
=== Todo === | === Todo === | ||
h₂aw-bʰorḱ 'enclosure' → Proto- | h₂aw-bʰorḱ 'enclosure' → Proto-Trans-Sarnathian obʰroc → Late Old Zzean əvʰɣɑc → Middle Zzean vəjt → EModZz fi(breathy, final stop tone) → ModZz fi͇ (tone class is D2) 'house' | ||
ḱobreb → | ḱobreb → PTS k.brɛb → kbəb → p'ʌb → pà (E3) ‘cost’ | ||
* | * PTS ə → w | ||
* | * PTS i → Modern Zzean ⟨ey⟩ | ||
* | * PTS e → i | ||
* | * PTS a → Modern Zzean ⟨wa⟩ | ||
* | * PTS o → Modern Zzean ⟨a⟩ | ||
* | * PTS u → ɨ → Modern Zzean /i/ ⟨i⟩ | ||
* | * PTS ew → ea | ||
* | * PTS aw → ea | ||
* | * PTS ow → wa | ||
* | * PTS ej → ay | ||
* | * PTS aj → e | ||
* | * PTS oj → w | ||
===Phonology=== | ===Phonology=== | ||
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=== Grammar === | === Grammar === | ||
Proto- | Proto-Trans-Sarnathian switched to using Colloquial Welsh-like constructions using inherited verbal nouns. Old finite verb forms were lost by the Proto-Trans-Sarnathian stage. | ||
=== Lexicon === | === Lexicon === | ||
* xjeʔ ‘1SG’ (From PAW disjunctive 1SG *h₂yeh₁); Zzean zhi̬ | * xjeʔ ‘1SG’ (From PAW disjunctive 1SG *h₂yeh₁); Zzean zhi̬ | ||
* PAW *sleh₃s → | * PAW *sleh₃s → PTS *s-lō-s → Old Zzean *sluəs → lu(C2) → lŵ 'to sit’ | ||
* h₂aw-bʰorḱ 'enclosure' → Proto- | * h₂aw-bʰorḱ 'enclosure' → Proto-Trans-Sarnathian obʰroc → Late Old Zzean əvʰɣɑc → Middle Zzean vəjt → EModZz fi(breathy, final stop tone) → ModZz fi͇ (tone class is D2) 'house' | ||
* ḱobreb → | * ḱobreb → PTS k.brɛb → kbəw → p'ʌw → pà (E3) ‘to buy' | ||
* roy ‘in’ → | * roy ‘in’ → PTS s-roj → rrw̖y ‘interior’ | ||
* bʰetr → | * bʰetr → PTS bʰēr → PTS bʰiən → piən (A2) → piw (A2) → pe̖a ‘(higher register) in (postposition)’; → dialectal pjuː → thw̖ ‘at (postposition)’ | ||