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North-East Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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Deomnstratives
(Deomnstratives) |
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There are also many irregular verbalisations e.g. /ˈkʷa̰jːa/ [ˈkʷœ̰jːæ̰] - "fire" becomes /ˈkʷaˈja̤/ [kʷœˈjæ̤ː] - "to burn", and /maˈhɨ̤ɻːɨ/ [maˈhɤ̤ɻːɤ̤] - "goop / mush" becomes /mʲɨˈɾʲɨ̰/ [mʲiˈɾʲḭː] - "to mash up". | There are also many irregular verbalisations e.g. /ˈkʷa̰jːa/ [ˈkʷœ̰jːæ̰] - "fire" becomes /ˈkʷaˈja̤/ [kʷœˈjæ̤ː] - "to burn", and /maˈhɨ̤ɻːɨ/ [maˈhɤ̤ɻːɤ̤] - "goop / mush" becomes /mʲɨˈɾʲɨ̰/ [mʲiˈɾʲḭː] - "to mash up". | ||
==Noun Phrases== | |||
The basic word order in noun phrases is Determiner - Numeral - Adjective - Noun. | |||
===Demonstratives=== | |||
There is a 3-way distance contrast in demononstratives. There is also a plural contrast, except in the one that indicates "that over there". | |||
====Pronominal Demonstratives==== | |||
/dʷaˈʔɨ̤sːɨ/ [dʷaˈʔɨ̤sːɨ] - "this" | |||
/dʷaˈʔɨ̤ːɻɨ/ [dʷaˈʔɨ̤ːɻɨ̤] - "these" | |||
/dʷɨˈʔa̰tːɨ/ [dʷuˈʔa̰tːɨ̰] - "that" | |||
/dʷɨˈʔə̰ːɻɨ/ [dʷuˈʔʌ̰ɻɤ̰] - "those" | |||
/ˈʔa̰ʃːɨ/ [ˈʔæ̰ʃːi] "that / those over there" | |||
====Adnominal Demonstratives==== | |||
Demonstratives have separate forms when they are used to modify nouns (e.g. to say "I ate that fish" as opposed to "I ate fish"). They are clitics, and are phonologically part of the following word. They sometimes have allomorphs depending on whether the following word's stressed syllable has breathy or tense voice. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Meaning !! Following Word has Breathy Voice !! Following Word has Tense Voice | |||
|- | |||
| This || /dʷaʔɨsɨ/ [dʷaʔɨsɨ] || /dʷɨsɨ/ [dʷusɨ] | |||
|- | |||
| These || /dʷaˈʔɨɻɨ/ [dʷaˈʔɨɻɨ] || /dʷɨɾʲɨ/ [dʷyɾʲi] | |||
|- | |||
| That || /dʷɨʔətɨ/ [dʷuʔətɨ] || /dʷɨʔatɨ/ [dʷuʔatɨ] | |||
|- | |||
| Those || /dʷəɻɨ/ [dʷɔɻɤ] || /dʷɨʔəɻɨ/ [dʷuʔʌɻɤ] | |||
|- | |||
| That / Those over there || /haɴ/ [haɴ] || /haɴ/ [haɴ] | |||
|} | |||
The forms corresponding to "that" and "those" are also very commonly used where English would use a definite article. | |||
======Assimilations===== | |||
All of the demonstrative proclitics undergo a special process when the following word begins with a glottal consonant /h/ or /ʔ/. In all cases, the following word's initial glottal consonant is deleted. | |||
In the case of /haɴ/ - "that over there", the /ɴ/ changes to /n/, resulting in /han/. So a word like /ˈhɨ̰mːʲɨ/ [ˈhḭmːʲḭ] - "fjord" combines with the demonstrative to form /haˈn=ɨ̰mːʲɨ/ [hanḭmːʲḭ] - "that fjord / those fjords over there". | |||
The other demonstratives all lose their final /ɨ/, so the prefix /dʷɨsɨ/ [dʷusɨ] - "this" would combine with /ˈhɨ̰mːʲɨ/ [ˈhḭmːʲḭ] to give /dʷɨˈsɨ̰mːʲɨ/ [dʷuˈsḭmːʲḭ]. | |||
=====Consonant Mutations===== | |||
Since adnominal demonstratives are phonologically part of the following word, they are affected by the rule that prohibits more than one strong consonant in a single word. So /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ [ˈkʷṳsːɨ] - "ocean fish" becomes /ʔaɴ=ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ [ʔaŋˈkʷṳsːɨ] - "that ocean fish over there", not */haɴ=ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/, or /dəɻɨ=ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ [dəɻʊˈkʷṳsːɨ] "those ocean fish", not */dʷəɻɨ=ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/. | |||