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Habyela: Difference between revisions
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==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
The verb template is [Aspect / | The verb template is [Relativiser] [Aspect / Subject-Agreement] [Negation] Root [Aspect / Subject-Agreement] [Switch Reference] | ||
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=== | ===TAM / Agreement=== | ||
These are conflated, so will be discussed together. | |||
Habyela verbs do not inflect for tense at all, but [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telicity Telicity] is very important. Marking of telicity is conflated with subject person / number agreement. Telic verbs take suffixes, and atelic vebs take either prefixes or circumfixes (depending on the person). There is also an irrealis mood that is used for suggestions, commands and hypothetical situations. In the irrealis mood, telicity is not marked, and some forms are identical to the atelic forms. | Habyela verbs do not inflect for tense at all, but [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telicity Telicity] is very important. Marking of telicity is conflated with subject person / number agreement. Telic verbs take suffixes, and atelic vebs take either prefixes or circumfixes (depending on the person). There is also an irrealis mood that is used for suggestions, commands and hypothetical situations. In the irrealis mood, telicity is not marked, and some forms are identical to the atelic forms. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| 3rd person plural / nonhuman || ... -wɨ || ɫə̀- ... -wɨ || ɫə̀- ... -wɨ | | 3rd person plural / nonhuman || ... -wɨ || ɫə̀- ... -wɨ || ɫə̀- ... -wɨ | ||
|} | |||
===Object Agreement=== | |||
===Switch Reference=== | |||
Habyela has a complex switch-reference system. When a speaker combines two verbs or verb phrases, by default they are understood to refer to different people e.g. | |||
/ɫə̀-nama maʔà-ʔə/ | |||
3PS.SG.MASC.ATEL-sleep die-3PS.MASC.SG.TEL | |||
"He slept and he died (another person)" | |||
To indicate that it was the same person that was sleeping and dying, a clitic has to be used after the first verb. | |||
====Subject Switch Reference==== | |||
To indicate that the subject of the first clause is involved in the second clause, the clitic /ɟʷə/ is used e.g. | |||
/ɫə̀-nama=ɟʷə maʔà-ʔə/ | |||
3PS.SG.MASC.ATEL-sleep=SR.SUBJ die-3PS.PL.TEL | |||
"He slept and he (the same person) died". | |||
/ɟʷə/ is also used if the subject of the first clause is the object of the second e.g. | |||
/ɫə̀-nama=ɟʷə qàʈana-nə/ | |||
3PS.SG.MASC.ATEL-sleep=SR.SUBJ kill-1PS.PL.TEL | |||
He slept and we killed him (the same person). | |||
====Object Switch Reference==== | |||
If the object of the first clause is involved in the second clause (as either subject or object), the clitic /ɟɨsə/ is used if the object is both human and singular, and /ɟɨɴ/ otherwise e.g. | |||
/qàʈana-nə=ɟɨsə xamʲɨ̀ɫaɴ ɫə̀-paʔà/ | |||
kill-1PS.PL.TEL=SR.OBJ hell 3PS.MASC.SG.ATEL-fall | |||
We killed him and he (the same person) is in hell. | |||
If /ɟɨsə/ is omitted from the above sentence e.g. /qàʈana-nə xamʲɨ̀ɫaɴ ɫə̀-paʔà/, it is understood that the person who went to hell is different from the person who was killed. | |||
====Double Switch Reference==== | |||
If both the subject and the object of the first clause are involved in the second clause, the clitics are agglutinated (with /ɟʷə/ coming before the object switch reference clitics) e.g. | |||
/cʷə̀ma-nə=ɟʷə=ɟɨsə qàʈana-nə/ | |||
stab-1PS.PL.TEL=SR.SUBJ=SR.OBJ kill-1PS.PL.TEL | |||
We stabbed him and killed him (the same person). | |||
Without the clitic /ɟɨsə/, the second clause would be taken to be involving a different person than the first e.g. /cʷə̀ma-nə=ɟʷə= qàʈana-nə/ - "We stabbed him and killed him (a different person)". | |||
Without the clitic /ɟʷə/, the second clause would be taken to be involving other members of the speaker's group to the first e.g. /cʷə̀ma-nə=ɟɨsə qàʈana-nə/ - "We stabbed him and others of us killed him". | |||
It is perfectly possible for the subject and the object of the first clause to "flip over" and have opposite roles in the second e.g. | |||
/cʷə̀ma-nə=ɟʷə=ɟɨsə qàʈana-ʔə/ | |||
stab-1PS.PL.TEL=SR.SUBJ=SR.OBJ kill-3PS.MASC.SG.TEL | |||
We stabbed him and he (the same person) killed us. | |||
===Relative Clauses=== | |||
Habyela has [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause#Nonreduction_type Internally-Headed Relative Clauses]. Word order is not used to indicate a relative clause, or mark the head noun. Instead, this is done by inflecting the verb. | |||
If the head noun is the subject of the verb, the verb takes the enclitic /ɟʷə/ (the same as for subject switch reference). If the head noun is the object of the verb, it takes the enclitic /ɟɨsə/ (for singular human nouns) or /ɟɨɴ/ otherwise. | |||
In addition to the above enclitics, verbs in relative clauses also take prefixes depending on the nature of the head noun, as well as whether the relative clause is restrictive or descriptive. These are: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Head Noun !! Restrictive !! Descriptive | |||
|- | |||
| Human Singular || ʎə̀- || bʲa- | |||
|- | |||
| Human Plural / Default Nonhuman || wə-|| ba- | |||
|- | |||
| Adverbs/ Instrumental Nouns || cʷə- || bacʷə- | |||
|- | |||
| Collective || ʎʷə̀- || bʲawə- | |||
|- | |||
| Locations || mə-|| bamə- | |||
|} | |} | ||