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Habyela: Difference between revisions
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| 3rd person plural / nonhuman || ... -wɨ || ɫə̀- ... -wɨ || ɫə̀- ... -wɨ | | 3rd person plural / nonhuman || ... -wɨ || ɫə̀- ... -wɨ || ɫə̀- ... -wɨ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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3PS.SG.MASC.ATEL-sleep=SR.SUBJ kill-1PS.PL.TEL | 3PS.SG.MASC.ATEL-sleep=SR.SUBJ kill-1PS.PL.TEL | ||
He slept and we killed him (the same person) | "He slept and we killed him (the same person)" | ||
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kill-1PS.PL.TEL=SR.OBJ hell 3PS.MASC.SG.ATEL-fall | kill-1PS.PL.TEL=SR.OBJ hell 3PS.MASC.SG.ATEL-fall | ||
We killed him and he (the same person) is in hell | "We killed him and he (the same person) is in hell" | ||
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==== | ====Indirect Object Switch Reference==== | ||
A similar thing can be done if the indirect object of the first clause is somehow involved in the second, using the clitic /ɟɨɕə/ e.g. | |||
/ʔàɟʷɨnəɴ-qa qənə̀bə ʔasətɨ̀ dəna-wɨ=ɟɨɕə ɫə̀-pənʷa-wɨ/ | |||
man.PL-ERG dog bone give-3PS.PL.TEL=SR.INDIR ATEL-bark-3PS.NONHUM | |||
"The men gave the dog a bone and it barked" | |||
====Multiple Switch Reference==== | |||
If | If more than one argument of the first clause are involved in the second clause, the clitics are agglutinated (in the order ɟʷə - ɟɨɕə - ɟɨsə~ɟɨɴ) | ||
/cʷə̀ma-nə=ɟʷə=ɟɨsə qàʈana-nə/ | /cʷə̀ma-nə=ɟʷə=ɟɨsə qàʈana-nə/ | ||
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stab-1PS.PL.TEL=SR.SUBJ=SR.OBJ kill-1PS.PL.TEL | stab-1PS.PL.TEL=SR.SUBJ=SR.OBJ kill-1PS.PL.TEL | ||
We stabbed him and killed him (the same person) | "We stabbed him and killed him (the same person)" | ||
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stab-1PS.PL.TEL=SR.SUBJ=SR.OBJ kill-3PS.MASC.SG.TEL | stab-1PS.PL.TEL=SR.SUBJ=SR.OBJ kill-3PS.MASC.SG.TEL | ||
We stabbed him and he (the same person) killed us | "We stabbed him and he (the same person) killed us" | ||
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Habyela has [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause#Nonreduction_type Internally-Headed Relative Clauses]. Word order is not used to indicate a relative clause, or mark the head noun. Instead, this is done by inflecting the verb. | Habyela has [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause#Nonreduction_type Internally-Headed Relative Clauses]. Word order is not used to indicate a relative clause, or mark the head noun. Instead, this is done by inflecting the verb. | ||
If the head noun is the subject of the verb, the verb takes the enclitic /ɟʷə/ (the same as for subject switch reference). If the head noun is the object of the verb, it takes the enclitic /ɟɨsə/ (for singular human nouns) or /ɟɨɴ/ otherwise. | If the head noun is the subject of the verb, the verb takes the enclitic /ɟʷə/ (the same as for subject switch reference). If the head noun is the direct object of the verb, it takes the enclitic /ɟɨsə/ (for singular human nouns) or /ɟɨɴ/ otherwise, and if it is the indirect object, it takes /ɟɨɕə/. | ||
In addition to the above enclitics, verbs in relative clauses also take prefixes depending on the nature of the head noun, as well as whether the relative clause is restrictive or descriptive. These are: | In addition to the above enclitics, verbs in relative clauses also take prefixes depending on the nature of the head noun, as well as whether the relative clause is restrictive or descriptive. These are: | ||
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For example, in the phrase: | For example, in the phrase: | ||
/qənə̀bə-qa ʔàɟʷɨnəɴ wə-ʔaɴɖà- | /qənə̀bə-qa ʔàɟʷɨnəɴ wə-ʔaɴɖà-wɨ=ɟʷə/ | ||
dog-ERG man.PL REL.NONHUM-bite-3PS.NONHUM.TEL=SR.SUBJ | dog-ERG man.PL RESTR.REL.NONHUM-bite-3PS.NONHUM.TEL=SR.SUBJ | ||
"The dog that bit the man" | "The dog that bit the man" | ||
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Compare the above to the phrase: | Compare the above to the phrase: | ||
/qənə̀bə-qa ʔàɟʷɨnəɴ wə-ʔaɴɖà- | /qənə̀bə-qa ʔàɟʷɨnəɴ wə-ʔaɴɖà-wɨ=ɟɨɴ/ | ||
dog-ERG man.PL REL.NONHUM-bite-3PS.NONHUM.TEL=SR.OBJ.PL | dog-ERG man.PL RESTR.REL.NONHUM-bite-3PS.NONHUM.TEL=SR.OBJ.PL | ||
"The men that were bitten by the dog" | "The men that were bitten by the dog" | ||
The verbal prefix remains the same, since /wə-/ marks head nouns that are either human plural or nonhuman. However, the enclitic changes from /ɟʷə/ to /ɟɨɴ/, since the head noun of the phrase is the object of the verb (and is human plural). | The verbal prefix remains the same, since /wə-/ marks head nouns that are either human plural or nonhuman. However, the enclitic changes from /ɟʷə/ to /ɟɨɴ/, since the head noun of the phrase is the object of the verb (and is human plural). | ||
Using the prefix, indirect objects can also become the head noun of a relative clause e.g. | |||
/ʔàɟʷɨnəɴ-qa qənə̀bə ʔasətɨ̀ wə-dəna-wɨ=ɟɨɕə/ | |||
man.PL-ERG dog bone RESTR.REL.NONHUM-give-3PS.PL.TEL=SR.INDIR | |||
"The bone that the men gave to the dog." | |||
The prefixes /mə-/ and /bamə-/ are used where English would say "the place where ...". They do not require a clitic after the verb e.g. | |||
/qənə̀bə-qa ʔàɟʷɨnəɴ wə-ʔaɴɖà-wɨ=ɟɨɴ/ | |||
dog-ERG man.PL RESTR.REL.NONHUM-bite-3PS.NONHUM.TEL=SR.OBJ.PL | |||