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Thangha': Difference between revisions
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→Phonology: Vowel Allophones
(→Nouns: Alienable Possession) |
(→Phonology: Vowel Allophones) |
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
In stressed syllables, most dialects distinguish | In stressed syllables, most dialects distinguish 5 plain oral vowels /a/, /iː/, /uː/, /e/, /o/, two nasal vowels /aⁿ/ and /əⁿ/, and one glottalised vowel /əʔ/. The difference between /iː/ vs. /e/ is more dependent on length than height. For example, a short [i] is more likely to be heard as /e/ than /iː/, and a long /eː/ is more likely to be heard as /iː/ than /e/. The back vowels /uː/ and /o/ are similar in this regard. | ||
In unstressed syllables, the plain oral vowels /iː/, /uː/, /e/ and /o/ (i.e. all of the plain oral vowels except /a/) merge to /ə/ (which is still distinct from /əʔ/. | In unstressed syllables, the plain oral vowels /iː/, /uː/, /e/ and /o/ (i.e. all of the plain oral vowels except /a/) merge to /ə/ (which is still distinct from /əʔ/. | ||
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Only CCV syllables are permitted (this assumes that nasal and glottalised vowels are distinct phonemes). Furthermore, the only permissible consonant clusters (that are not affricates / cases of secondary articulation in at least some dialects) are /pf/, /tf/ and /pç/~/ps/~/pɬ/. | Only CCV syllables are permitted (this assumes that nasal and glottalised vowels are distinct phonemes). Furthermore, the only permissible consonant clusters (that are not affricates / cases of secondary articulation in at least some dialects) are /pf/, /tf/ and /pç/~/ps/~/pɬ/. | ||
===Vowel Allophony=== | |||
The vowels of Thangha' have a number of different allophones depending on what consonants they are adjacent to. These are described in the table below. Note that a "lowering" consonant is defined as a pharyngealised, retroflex or uvular consonant (labialised or non-labialised, including /ɫ/). If two sounds are listed, the first occurs in stressed syllables, and the second in unstressed syllables: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Phoneme !! /a/ !! /iː/ !! /uː/ !! /e/ !! /o/ !! /aⁿ/ !! /əⁿ/ !! /əʔ/ !! /ə/ !! /aʔ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Default || [a] || [iː] || [uː] || [e] || [o] || [aⁿ] || [əⁿ] || [əʔ] || [ə] || [aʔ] | |||
|- | |||
| Adjacent to a Palatal or Palatalised Consonant || [æ] || [iː] || [ʉː] || [i] || [ɵ] || [ɛⁿ] || [eⁿ] || [ɪʔ] || [ɪ] || [ɛʔ] | |||
|- | |||
| Adjacent to a Lowering Consonant (Non-Labialised) || [ɑ] || [eː] || [oː] || [ɛ] || [ɔ] || [ɑⁿ] || [ʌⁿ] || [ʌʔ] || [ʌ] || [ɑʔ] | |||
|- | |||
| Adjacent to a Labialised Consonant (Non-Lowering) || [a] || [yː] || [uː] || [ø] || [u] || [aⁿ] || [oⁿ] || [ʊʔ] || [ʊ] || [ɔʔ] | |||
|- | |||
| Adjacent to a Labialised Uvular Consonant || [ɒ] || [øː] || [oː] || [œ] || [ɔ] || [ɒⁿ] || [ɔⁿ] || [ɔʔ] || [ɔ] || [ɒʔ] | |||
|- | |||
| Between a Lowering Consonant and a Labialised Consonant || [ɒ] || [øː] || [oː] || [œ] || [ɔ] || [ɒⁿ] || [ɔⁿ] || [ɔʔ] || [ɔ] || [ɒʔ] | |||
|- | |||
| Between a Palatal / Palatalised Consonant, and a Labialised Consonant (Non-Lowering) || [ɞ] || [yː] || [ʉː] || [y] || [ʉ] || [œⁿ] || [øⁿ] || [ʏʔ] || [ʏ] || [œʔ] | |||
|- | |||
| Between a Palatal / Palatalised Consonant, and a Labialised Uvular Consonant|| [ɐ] || [øː] || [oː] || [ø] || [o] || [ɐⁿ]|| [əⁿ] || [ɵʔ] || [ɵ] || [ɐʔ] | |||
|- | |||
| Between a Palatal / Palatalised Consonant, and a Lowering Consonant (Non-Labialised) || [ɐ] || [eː] || [oː] || [e] || [o] || [ɐⁿ] || [əⁿ]|| [ɘʔ] || [ɘ] || [ɐʔ] | |||
|} | |||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||