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Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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More on mirativity
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A few verb stems that end in a hard consonant | A few verb stems that end in a hard consonant | ||
and ie /e/ behave differently. If the consonant is | and ie /e/ behave differently. If the consonant is an obstruent and the | ||
vowel is short and not followed by -n /ɴ/, then most of the time the | vowel is short, has modal voice and not followed by -n /ɴ/, then most of the time the | ||
syllable is deleted and | syllable is deleted and voice put onto the preceding syllable(s). This voice is breathy if the deleted obstruent was voiced, and tense if it was voiceless e.g. | ||
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nitù /nituɦ/ - to be fed on, mirative | nitù /nituɦ/ - to be fed on, mirative | ||
sibetie /sibɘte/ - to all be present, root | |||
sipáe /sipɛʔ/ - to all be present, mirative (remember that Antarctican does not like voiced obstruents before vowels with breathy voice). | |||
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However, for a few words, this process | Tense voice "spreads" backwards in a similar way, except that it passes through voiceless stops and not through voiced stops, fricatives, or prestopped nasals e.g. | ||
daraekie /daʁɛke/ - to cover, root | |||
tárá /taʔʁaʔ/ - to cover, mirative | |||
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<h6>Non-Changing Verbs</h6> | |||
However, for a few words, this process of syllable deletion and vowel phonation change did not happen. | |||
doesn’t happen e.g. | doesn’t happen e.g. | ||
kazie /kaze/ - to be windy, root | kazie /kaze/ - to be windy, root | ||
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kadli /kadɮi/ - to be windy, mirative | kadli /kadɮi/ - to be windy, mirative | ||
& | |||
busuekie /busɨke/ - to engage in tree farming, root | |||
busuechi /busɨci/ - to engage in tree farming, mirative | |||
To understand this seemingly random | To understand this seemingly random | ||
phenomenon, we need to go back to the ancestor language, which had a downstep / | phenomenon, we need to go back to the ancestor language, which had a downstep / | ||
pitch accent system similar to Japanese http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent. In this language, | pitch accent system similar to Japanese http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent. In this language, two sound changes occurred. | ||
This only affected words with pitch accent | The first changed to [ɦ] (the source of breathy voice) | ||
all word final sequences of Voiced Soft Obstruent + Low Pitched /i/. This only affected words with pitch accent | |||
on the non-final syllable i.e. low tone words from tone languages, and words | on the non-final syllable i.e. low tone words from tone languages, and words | ||
that came into the language from stress-accent languages like English, Indonesian | that came into the language from stress-accent languages like English, Indonesian | ||
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without accent (like high tone words from tone languages, “flat” words from | without accent (like high tone words from tone languages, “flat” words from | ||
Japanese) as well as words with accent on the final syllable were unaffected. | Japanese) as well as words with accent on the final syllable were unaffected. | ||
The second changed to [ʔ] (the source of tense voice), all word final sequences of Voiced Soft Obstruent + High Pitched /i/. This affected words without pitch accent, and words with pitch accent on the final syllable (i.e. words that would not have been affected by the first change). | |||
When Antarctican lost its pitch accent, the | When Antarctican lost its pitch accent, the | ||