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# | [[Proto-Talsmic/Themsarian|Themsárimai: '''Gávthens tálsmimens''']] | ||
The '''Talsmic''' languages are a relatively isolated subbranch of the [[Gamedan languages|Gamedan]] language family. They are descended from '''Proto-Talsmic''' ('''PT''' or '''PTal'''). | |||
==Phylogeny== | |||
{{clade | |||
|label1=[[Themsarian|Noble Themsarian]] | |||
|1={{clade | |||
|1=[[Nurian]] | |||
|2=[[Qelorian]] (Italian analogue) | |||
|3=Ivris Modernis gib | |||
|4=Arabic dialect-ish | |||
}} | |||
|label2=[[T-Talsmic languages]] | |||
|2={{clade | |||
|1=[[Andarin]] | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
==Characteristics== | |||
The historical Talsmic languages have all shared the following characteristics to some extent: | |||
*conversion of a former case system into a system of state distinctions (e.g. definiteness, possessedness, predicative/attributive, generic/specific) | |||
*rigidly head-initial word order | |||
**verb-initial clauses; modern Talsmic languages are topic-prominent and thus have V2 independent clauses and verb-initial dependent clauses. | |||
*heavy grammatical use of pronominal suffixes/enclitics on possessed nouns, verbs and prepositions, that index their dependents | |||
**some descendants eventually creep toward being polysynthetic, supplanting former finite verbs with possessed infinitives/participles of complex compound verbs, and predicative nouns | |||
*[[w:Differential object marking|differential]] indexing of the direct object and the possessor, and occasionally the prepositional object | |||
*grammatical apophony (tonal, vocalic or consonantal) | |||
*word order changes for topicalization and focusing | |||
*More recent Talsmic languages have honorific systems developed from abstract nouns in the feminine gender. Therefore former feminine pronouns and verbs develop into honorific markers. | |||
Characteristic phylogenetic innovations vis-à-vis Zachydic include: | |||
*prominence of tense rather than aspect in verbal TAM, unlike in mainland Zachydic languages. | |||
*Rhotacization of /*z/ to /*r/ / V_V and V_#, and secondary rhotacization (often before consonants, the choice of which depends on the language). | |||
*Development of Proto-Zachydic ejective stops into spirants. | |||
*Conflation of non-labialized and labialized dorsal stops, and preservation of the velar-uvular distinction. | |||
**Also common is the transition of the uvular series into the radical series; uvulars are still found in some phonetically conservative languages and dialects, however. | |||
*The shift of ''*s'' into ''*h'' and subsequent assibilation of affricates occuring after primary rhotacization (/*cʼ, *c/ > /*s/, /*ʒ/ > /*z/ etc.) greatly reduces the consonant inventory; this also contributes to the fricative-rich flavor of Talsmic. | |||
*Some metathesis occurred too. | |||
==Proto-Talsmic phonology== | |||
*qʷ ɢʷ qʷ' > q ɢ q' | |||
*p' t' c' ƛ' k' kʷ' q' qʷ' > f þ s ł x xʷ χ χ | |||
*s > h | |||
*c > s | |||
*ƛ > t | |||
*z > r / V_ | |||
===Consonant inventory=== | |||
====Pyr Chlʰíse model==== | |||
The following is the Proto-Talsmic consonant system as conjectured by Núrian Talsmicist Dazʰír pyr Chlʰíse: he surmised that Proto-Raxo-Talsmic ejective series had turned into an aspirated series in PTal, which has spirantized in daughter languages. This reconstruction is now considered obsolete. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
! colspan="10"|Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants (pyr Chlʰíse) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! |Labial | |||
! |Alveolar | |||
! |Lateral | |||
! |Palatal | |||
! |Velar | |||
! |Labiovelar | |||
! |Uvular | |||
! |Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | |||
| *m | |||
| *n | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" |Plosive | |||
! |<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| *p | |||
| *t | |||
| *ƛ | |||
| | |||
| *k | |||
| *kʷ | |||
| *q | |||
| *ʔ | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>voiced</small> | |||
| *b | |||
| *d | |||
| *λ | |||
| | |||
| *g | |||
| *gʷ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>aspirated</small> | |||
| *pʰ | |||
| *tʰ | |||
| *ƛʰ | |||
| | |||
| *kʰ | |||
| *kʷʰ | |||
| *qʰ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative | |||
! |<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| | |||
| *s | |||
| *ł | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| *h | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>voiced</small> | |||
| | |||
| *z | |||
| *ḽ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Approximant | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| *l | |||
| *j | |||
| | |||
| *w | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Trill | |||
| | |||
| *r | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
====Guànitzhùtł model==== | |||
Xamùz Guànitzhùtł revised the pyr Chlʰíse model, positing that the ejective-to-spirant shift had occurred earlier (probably ejective plosives ~ ejective affricates > affricates > fricatives); she noted the inconsistency of evidence for aspirated stops at any stage of Talsmic languages. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
! colspan="10"|Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants (Guànitzhùtł) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! |Labial | |||
! |Alveolar | |||
! |Lateral | |||
! |Palatal | |||
! |Velar | |||
! |Labiovelar | |||
! |Uvular | |||
! |Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | |||
| *m | |||
| *n | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Plosive | |||
! |<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| *p | |||
| *t | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| *k | |||
| *kʷ | |||
| *q | |||
| *ʔ | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>voiced</small> | |||
| *b | |||
| *d | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| *g | |||
| *gʷ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative | |||
! |<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| *φ | |||
| *s, *θ | |||
| *ł | |||
| | |||
| *x | |||
| *xʷ | |||
| *χ | |||
| *h | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>voiced</small> | |||
| | |||
| *z, *ð | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Approximant | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| *l | |||
| *j | |||
| | |||
| *w | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Trill | |||
| | |||
| *r | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Vocalic inventory=== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! style="width: 90px; " |Front | |||
! style="width: 90px; " |Central | |||
! style="width: 90px; " |Back | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| *i *ī | |||
| | |||
| *u *ū | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| *e *ē | |||
| | |||
| *o *ō | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| | |||
| *a *ā | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
Diphthongs: | |||
*ai ei oi au eu ou | |||
*āi ēi ōi āu ēu ōu | |||
==Proto-Talsmic morphology== | |||
===Nominal morphology=== | |||
Nouns and adjectives had retained from Proto-Zachydic 6 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive/prepositional, allative, ablative, locative/instrumental), 3 numbers, 2 genders (masculine, feminine), and additionally possessive inflection for nouns. Like its daughter languages as well as Proto-Zachydic, Common Talsmic is thought to have been a [[w:differential object marking|differential object marking]] language; only definite or specific direct objects were marked with the accusative case. | |||
[Genitive is partitive > indefinite?] | |||
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;" | |||
|+'''Declension''' | |||
!scope="col"| | |||
! colspan="6" scope="col"|''*çúma=ʔ'' 'air' | |||
! colspan="6" scope="col"|''*méisar'' 'segment' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="col"|Gender → | |||
! colspan="6" scope="col"|Masculine | |||
! colspan="6" scope="col"|Feminine | |||
|- | |||
!scope="col"|Case ↓ | |||
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Singular | |||
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Dual | |||
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Plural | |||
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Singular | |||
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Dual | |||
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!scope="col"|Nominative | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúma'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmōr'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmū'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisar'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisoir'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisāne'' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="col"|Accusative | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmeç'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmōç'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmūt'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisaç'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisoiç'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisina'' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="col"|Genitive/Prepositional | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmu'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmār'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmakʰe'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méiset'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisair'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méis(in)ir'' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="col"|Ablative | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmenʔ'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"| | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"| | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisanʔ'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"| | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"| | |||
|- | |||
!scope="col"|Allative | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"| | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|? | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"| | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"| | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"| | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|? | |||
|- | |||
!scope="col"|Instrumental | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmīl'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"| | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"| | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisai'' | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"| | |||
|colspan="2" scope="col"| | |||
|} | |||
The essive case (''*-ēri'') was marginal, and was only used adverbially (cf. Th. ''-ēr'' adverbial suffix). | |||
Some nouns took the "thematic" suffix/clitic ''*-ʔ'' with an uncertain meaning, a holdover from the classifier system in Proto-Zachydic. | |||
===Pronominal morphology=== | |||
Proto-Talsmic free pronouns can be reconstructed with less confidence because all case marking except as clitics and suffixes was eliminated. | |||
====Full personal pronouns==== | |||
====Possessive suffixes==== | |||
===Verbal morphology=== | |||
====Tense==== | |||
The Proto-Talsmic verbal system has converted the pre-existing aspect-based perfective/imperfective dichotomy into a time-based one (past/non-past). The irregularity of the past system is probably a result of conflation of many different parent aspect systems. | |||
====Aspect==== | |||
The following aspect suffixes can be reconstructed: | |||
*prospective ''*-eh-'' | |||
*inceptive ''*-lʁa-'' | |||
*cessative ''*-mbe-'' | |||
====Mood==== | |||
Proto-Talsmic has kept many moods intact (imperative, desiderative, hortative, optative). The negative imperative used the prohibitive particle along with the hortative form, as in Proto-Zachydic. The moods are frequently collapsed by its progeny (e.g. jussive in Themsaran). | |||
====Thematic suffixes==== | |||
Proto-Talsmic saw the development of thematic vowels from derivational suffixes. Thematic vowels are found in many Talsmic languages, but modern languages often generalize the ''a''-paradigm to the expense of the others. | |||
*''*-īn'': basic verbs | |||
*''*-a-īn'': denominative or transitive verbs | |||
*''*-e-īn'': dynamic or reflexive verbs | |||
====TAM/subject affix paradigm==== | |||
Todo: rederive past tense... they don't look like they could (all) be perfective suffixes. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | Subject affixes | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | Present/Non-past | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''-īn'' | |||
|''-dir'' | |||
|''-mī'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-ʁ-sē'' | |||
|''-n-sē'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''-r'' | |||
|''-r-sē'' | |||
|''-l-sē'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.m | |||
|''-m'' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-'' | |||
|''-ʁih'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.f | |||
|''-isi'' | |||
|''-tih'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | Simple past | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''-nʔe'' | |||
|''-sid'' | |||
|''-mā'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-ʁʔā'', ''-tar'' | |||
|''-nʔā'', ''-taq'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''-rʔe'' | |||
|''-rʔā'' | |||
|''-lʔā'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.m | |||
|''-ā(-m)'' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''-ā-iri'' | |||
|''-ā-ʁih'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.f | |||
|''-ā-isi'' | |||
|''-ā-tih'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | Prospective | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''-eh-īn'' | |||
|''-eh-dir'' | |||
|''-eh-mī'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-eh-ʁsē'' | |||
|''-eh-nsē'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''-eh-r'' | |||
|''-eh-rsē'' | |||
|''-eh-lsē'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.m | |||
|''-eh-m'' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''-eh-iri-'' | |||
|''-eh-ʁēj'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.f | |||
|''-eh-isi'' | |||
|''-eh-tēj'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | Imperative | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-ʁsi'' | |||
|''-nsi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''-h'' | |||
|''-rsi'' | |||
|''-lsi'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | Hortative | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''-īn-ti'' | |||
|''-dis-ti'' | |||
|''-mī-ti'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-ʁs-ti'' | |||
|''-ns-ti'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''-ti'' | |||
|''-rs-ti'' | |||
|''-ls-ti'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.m | |||
|''-m-ti'' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-ti'' | |||
|''-ʁih-ti'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.f | |||
|''-isi-ti'' | |||
|''-tih-ti'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | Desiderative | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''-īn-ʔi'' | |||
|''-dir-ʔi'' | |||
|''-mī-ʔi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-ʁsē-ʔi'' | |||
|''-nsē-ʔi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''-r-ʔi'' | |||
|''-rsē-ʔi'' | |||
|''-lsē-ʔi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.m | |||
|''-m-ʔi'' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-ʔ'' | |||
|''-ʁih-ʔi'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.f | |||
|''-isi-ʔi'' | |||
|''-tih-ʔi'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | Optative | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''-īn-aʔ'' | |||
|''-dir-aʔ'' | |||
|''-mī-aʔ'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''-ʁs-aʔ'' | |||
|''-ns-aʔ'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''-r-aʔ'' | |||
|''-rs-aʔ'' | |||
|''-ls-aʔ'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.m | |||
|''-m-aʔ'' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''-ir-aʔ'' | |||
|''-ʁ-aʔ'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.f | |||
|''-is-aʔ'' | |||
|''-t-aʔ'' | |||
|} | |||
===Other verbal affixes=== | |||
Other reconstructible affixes include: | |||
*''*-pe-'' potential (e.g. Thm. ''tacvéi'' 'know (a fact)' < ''tak-pe-īn'' 'be able to say') | |||
*''*-re-'' passive | |||
*''*-ina-'' causative, i.e. supply sb with sth to [verb]/a patient of [verb] | |||
*''*-ska-'' causative | |||
*''*az-'', "towards" directional prefix. | |||
*the memory evidential prefix ''*ʔṇʔ-''. | |||
==Proto-Talsmic syntax== | |||
Basic word order was most likely SVO, as evinced by the order {{sc|verb-object suffix}} in all daughter languages. | |||
==Sound changes to Proto-Talsmic== | |||
==Sound changes from Proto-Talsmic==<!-- | |||
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" | |||
|- | |||
|+ '''Talsmic consonant correspondences''' | |||
! PTal||[[Themsaran|Thm]]||[[Low Themsaran|LThm]]||[[Tizian|Tiz]]||[[Snaħħian|Sn]]||[[Qelorian|Qel]] | |||
|- | |||
| '''*m''' || ''m'' || /m/ || /m/ || /m/ || /m/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*p''' || ''p'' || /p/, /b/|| || || /p/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*b''' || ''b'' || /b/ || || || /b/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*pʰ''' || ''f'' || /h/ || || || /p/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*n''' || ''n'' || /n/ || || || /n/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*t''' || ''t'' || /t/, /d/ || || || /t/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*d''' || ''d'' || /j/ || || || /d/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*tʰ''' || ''th'' || /f/ || || /ħ/ || /t/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*s''' || ''s'' || /s~ʃ/ || || /s/ || /s/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*z''' || ''z'', ''r'' || /z~ʒ/, /ɾ/ || || /z/ || /z/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*ł''' || ''th'', ''ch'' || /f/ || /ʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /ʃ/ || /x/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*λ''' || ''ð'', ''ch'' || /v/ || /ʒ/, /dʒʱ/ || /ʒ/ || Ø | |||
|- | |||
| '''*ƛ''' || ''ŧ'' || /ts~tʃ/ || /tʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /tʃ/ || /ts/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*k''' || ''c'', ''ch'' || /k/, /g/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/ || /k/, /kʰ/ || || /k/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*g''' || ''g'', ''ch'' || /g/, /ʒ/, /w/ || /g/, /gʱ/ || || /g/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*kʰ''' || ''ch'', ''c'' || /x/, /ʃ/ || /x/, /kxʰ/ || || /k/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*q''' || ''q'', ''ħ'' || /ɴ/, /h/ || /ʡ/, /ʡʰ/ || /ŋ~ɴ/ || /ʕ/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*ʁ''' || ''ħ'', ''v'' || /h/, /w/ || /w/, /ʍ/ || /ʁ/ || /ħ/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*qʰ''' || ''ħ'' || /h/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*l''' || ''l'' || /l/ || || || /l/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*r''' || ''r'' || /ɾ/ || || /ʁ/ || /r/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*w''' || ''v'' || /v/ || || /f/ || /v/ | |||
|- | |||
| '''*j''' || ''ı'' || /j/ || || || Ø | |||
|- | |||
| '''*h''' || ''h'' || /h/ || || || Ø | |||
|- | |||
| '''*ʔ''' || Ø || Ø || || || Ø | |||
|}--> | |||
<!-- | |||
===to Snaħħian=== | |||
<nowiki>*</nowiki>ç *ɟ *ŧ > /ʃ ʒ tʃ/ | |||
/ts dz/ > /st zd/ | |||
/ʁ/ > /ʁ/ | |||
/h/ > /ʔ/ | |||
/ʃ ʒ tʃ/ > /s z ts/ | |||
/k g x ts dz s/ > /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ/ _V[+front] | |||
/b d g/ | |||
*> [β ð ɣ] / V_V, V_# | |||
*> [m n ŋ] / C[+nasal, +homorganic]_ | |||
/p t t͡s k/ > /b d d͡z g/ / V_V, V_#, C[+nasal]_ | |||
/pp tt tt͡s kk/ > /p t t͡s k/ | |||
[ð ɣ] | |||
*> /j/ / _V[+front], _# | |||
*> [ɦ] / _V[-front] | |||
[β] | |||
*> [ɦ] / _V[+front] | |||
*> /ɸ~β/ / _V[-front], _# | |||
<nowiki>*</nowiki>zd, *žd > *dz, *dž | |||
/l/ > /w/ / _C | |||
===to Tizian=== | |||
*/w/ > /v/ | |||
*/ʁ/ | |||
**> /w/ _C[-velar], | |||
**> /ʕ/ otherwise | |||
*/n/ > /ː/ _C[-glide] | |||
*/l/ > /r/ _C[-glide] | |||
*/z/ > /r/ / _C[+voiced, not /z/] | |||
*/sŧ, šŧ/ > /št/ | |||
*Stress accent develops from initial stress. | |||
*/aː/ > /o/ | |||
*/eː oː/ > /e˞ o˞/ <ee oo> | |||
*/iː uː ʉː/ > /iɚ uɚ ʉɚ/ medially. | |||
*/ai ei/ > /ei i/ | |||
*/ç ʝ/ | |||
**> /ʃ ʒ/ | |||
*/p t ŧ k b d g/ > /pʰ tʰ ŧʰ kʰ bʰ dʰ gʰ/ | |||
**_V[+high tone] | |||
**_C[+fricative]# | |||
--> | |||
==Vocabulary== | |||
*{{recon|''az-''}} telic | |||
**Thm. ''ar-''/''as-'' | |||
***Núr. ''ar-'' superlative, intensive; ''s-'' telic | |||
[[Category:Proto-languages|T]][[Category:Pfeuno-Kitelucquian languages]] |
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