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Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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Changed "mirative" to "verb focus"
(Table for infixes) |
(Changed "mirative" to "verb focus") |
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real marking of plurality of nouns. | real marking of plurality of nouns. | ||
In the | In the verbal morphology, focus and transitivity are clearly marked. Verbs also | ||
verbal morphology, | |||
inflect for person and voice. Tense and aspect are much less important. | inflect for person and voice. Tense and aspect are much less important. | ||
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For example, the antipassive voice is formed by an infix that comes after the first consonant of a word. For words that begin with a hard consonant, the infix is '''am''' /am/ (which contains a hard consonant) e.g. | For example, the antipassive voice is formed by an infix that comes after the first consonant of a word. For words that begin with a hard consonant, the infix is '''am''' /am/ (which contains a hard consonant) e.g. | ||
*ziitlòeji /ziːtɬɜɦɟi/ - to know (a person), | *ziitlòeji /ziːtɬɜɦɟi/ - to know (a person), verb-focus | ||
*zamiitlòeji /zamiːtɬɜɦɟi/ - to know (a person), | *zamiitlòeji /zamiːtɬɜɦɟi/ - to know (a person), verb-focus, antipassive | ||
However, if the word begins with a soft consonant, the infix is '''iemy''' /emʲ/ e.g. | However, if the word begins with a soft consonant, the infix is '''iemy''' /emʲ/ e.g. | ||
*pyiquu /pʲiʔuː/ - to purify, | *pyiquu /pʲiʔuː/ - to purify, verb-focus | ||
*pyiemyiquu /pʲemʲiʔuː/ - to purify, | *pyiemyiquu /pʲemʲiʔuː/ - to purify, verb-focus, antipassive | ||
*hliqo /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform, | *hliqo /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform, verb-focus | ||
*hliemyiqo /ɬemʲiʔɔ/ - to perform, | *hliemyiqo /ɬemʲiʔɔ/ - to perform, verb-focus, antipassive (not *(hliemiqo) /ɬmiʔɔ/) | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
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“weak”, there are verbs meaning “to be good”, “to be bad” etc. | “weak”, there are verbs meaning “to be good”, “to be bad” etc. | ||
<h3> | <h3>Focus</h3> | ||
Verbs have a root form, from which various | Verbs have a root form, from which various | ||
other base forms are derived. The two most important of these base forms are | other base forms are derived. The two most important of these base forms are | ||
the | the verb-focus base and the noun-focus base. Below is a list of verb roots with their | ||
corresponding | corresponding verb-focus and noun-focus bases: | ||
| | ||
| Line 1,735: | Line 1,734: | ||
duoliieju /doleːɟu/ - to drag, | duoliieju /doleːɟu/ - to drag, | ||
intransitive, | intransitive, verb-focus | ||
tùlèezi /tuɦlɘɦːzi/ – | tùlèezi /tuɦlɘɦːzi/ – | ||
| Line 1,745: | Line 1,744: | ||
rèdlu /ʁɘɦdɮu/ - red, | rèdlu /ʁɘɦdɮu/ - red, | ||
verb-focus | |||
rèdù /ʁɘɦduɦ/ - red, | rèdù /ʁɘɦduɦ/ - red, | ||
| Line 1,756: | Line 1,755: | ||
suekiraeypyu /sɨkiʁɛipʲu/ | suekiraeypyu /sɨkiʁɛipʲu/ | ||
- to become scraped, | - to become scraped, verb-focus | ||
suekiraeypùe /sɨkiʁɛipɨɦ/ | suekiraeypùe /sɨkiʁɛipɨɦ/ | ||
| Line 1,763: | Line 1,762: | ||
| | ||
<h4> | <h4>Verb-Focus Base</h4> | ||
This is | This is used to put focus on the verb ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_(linguistics) ) i.e. when the most important "new" information that is being communicated to the listener is the action being done in the verb, rather than the nouns that are doing it or it is being done to. | ||
How it is formed from the root is regular, but the rules are somewhat complex | How it is formed from the root is regular, but the rules are somewhat complex | ||
and depend on whether the last syllable of the base begins with a soft or hard | and depend on whether the last syllable of the base begins with a soft or hard | ||
| Line 1,782: | Line 1,780: | ||
hliqo /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform, | hliqo /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform, | ||
verb-focus | |||
| | ||
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qíeypyiqiiey /ʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/ | qíeypyiqiiey /ʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/ | ||
- to spit out, | - to spit out, verb-focus | ||
| | ||
| Line 1,803: | Line 1,801: | ||
qinyieliqaa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/ | qinyieliqaa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/ | ||
- to pierce, | - to pierce, verb-focus | ||
| | ||
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kivieliqiewn /kiɥeliʔeuɴ/ - | kivieliqiewn /kiɥeliʔeuɴ/ - | ||
to die, | to die, verb-focus | ||
| | ||
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yuentuolo /jɨɴtolɔ/ - to | yuentuolo /jɨɴtolɔ/ - to | ||
introduce oneself, | introduce oneself, verb-focus | ||
| | ||
| Line 1,878: | Line 1,876: | ||
nangaluu /naŋaluː/ - to flow, | nangaluu /naŋaluː/ - to flow, | ||
verb-focus | |||
| | ||
| Line 1,886: | Line 1,884: | ||
fuekiramyu /fɨkiʁamʲu/ - to | fuekiramyu /fɨkiʁamʲu/ - to | ||
swell up, | swell up, verb-focus | ||
| | ||
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qimuepya /ʔimɨpʲa/ - to sit | qimuepya /ʔimɨpʲa/ - to sit | ||
down, | down, verb-focus | ||
| | ||
| Line 1,956: | Line 1,954: | ||
nuetuozie /nɨtoze/ - to be fed on, root | nuetuozie /nɨtoze/ - to be fed on, root | ||
nitù /nituɦ/ - to be fed on, | nitù /nituɦ/ - to be fed on, verb-focus | ||
sibetie /sibɘte/ - to all be present, root | sibetie /sibɘte/ - to all be present, root | ||
sipáe /sipɛʔ/ - to all be present, | sipáe /sipɛʔ/ - to all be present, verb-focus (remember that Antarctican does not like voiced obstruents before vowels with breathy voice). | ||
| | ||
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mòetù /mɜɦtuɦ/ - to give | mòetù /mɜɦtuɦ/ - to give | ||
birth, intransitive, | birth, intransitive, verb-focus | ||
| | ||
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nyùue /ɲɨːɦ/ - to snow, | nyùue /ɲɨːɦ/ - to snow, | ||
verb-focus | |||
| | ||
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sòen-gùe /sɜɦɴgɨɦ/ | sòen-gùe /sɜɦɴgɨɦ/ | ||
- to bleed, | - to bleed, verb-focus | ||
| | ||
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daraekie /daʁɛke/ - to cover, root | daraekie /daʁɛke/ - to cover, root | ||
tárá /taʔʁaʔ/ - to cover, | tárá /taʔʁaʔ/ - to cover, verb-focus | ||
| | ||
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kazie /kaze/ - to be windy, root | kazie /kaze/ - to be windy, root | ||
kadli /kadɮi/ - to be windy, | kadli /kadɮi/ - to be windy, verb-focus | ||
busuekie /busɨke/ - to engage in tree farming, root | busuekie /busɨke/ - to engage in tree farming, root | ||
busuechi /busɨci/ - to engage in tree farming, | busuechi /busɨci/ - to engage in tree farming, verb-focus | ||
| Line 2,039: | Line 2,037: | ||
<h4>Noun-Focus Base</h4> | <h4>Noun-Focus Base</h4> | ||
This is used | This is used to put focus on the (non-topicalised) | ||
noun(s) in the sentence. | noun(s) in the sentence. | ||
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<h3>Restrictive / Non-Restrictive Modifiers</h3> | <h3>Restrictive / Non-Restrictive Modifiers</h3> | ||
When verbs / adjectives are used as modifiers, the | When verbs / adjectives are used as modifiers, the verb-focus form is used when the modifier | ||
is non restrictive ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictiveness ), and the | is non restrictive ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictiveness ), and the | ||
noun-focus form is used when the modifier is restrictive e.g. from the work tieyláae | |||
/teilɛʔː/ - shirt, we can say: | /teilɛʔː/ - shirt, we can say: | ||
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| | ||
duoliieju /doleːɟu/ - to drag, intransitive, | duoliieju /doleːɟu/ - to drag, intransitive, verb-focus (as in "his pants were dragging along the ground") | ||
dliieju | dliieju | ||
/dɮeːɟu/ - to drag, transitive, | /dɮeːɟu/ - to drag, transitive, verb-focus (as in "he was dragging his pants along the ground") | ||
| | ||
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| | ||
The transitive roots are then inflected for | The transitive roots are then inflected for focus e.g. | ||
| | ||
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/çinaʁi/ - to twist, intransitive, root | /çinaʁi/ - to twist, intransitive, root | ||
shinali /çinali/ - to twist, intransitive, | shinali /çinali/ - to twist, intransitive, verb-focus | ||
yùenòerùe | yùenòerùe | ||
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hali | hali | ||
/χali/ - to twist, transitive, | /χali/ - to twist, transitive, verb-focus | ||
ròerùe | ròerùe | ||
| Line 2,451: | Line 2,447: | ||
<h3>Mood</h3> | <h3>Mood</h3> | ||
While tense and aspect play very minor roles in Antarctican, the language has a rich set of grammatical moods, formed by prefixes on the verb. It is conflated with evidentiality, but totally separated from | While tense and aspect play very minor roles in Antarctican, the language has a rich set of grammatical moods, formed by prefixes on the verb. It is conflated with evidentiality, but totally separated from focus. | ||
| | ||
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qíeypyiqiiey /ʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/ | qíeypyiqiiey /ʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/ | ||
- to spit out, | - to spit out, verb-focus | ||
duqíeypyiqiiey /duʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/ | duqíeypyiqiiey /duʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/ | ||
- to spit out, | - to spit out, verb-focus, presumptive | ||
| | ||
qinyieliqaa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/ | qinyieliqaa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/ | ||
- to pierce, | - to pierce, verb-focus | ||
duqinyieliqaa /duʔiɲeliʔaː/ | duqinyieliqaa /duʔiɲeliʔaː/ | ||
- to pierce, | - to pierce, verb-focus, presumptive | ||
| | ||
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rèdlu /ʁɘɦdɮu/ | rèdlu /ʁɘɦdɮu/ | ||
- red, | - red, verb-focus | ||
tùrèdlu /tu;ɦʁɘɦdɮu/ | tùrèdlu /tu;ɦʁɘɦdɮu/ | ||
- red, | - red, verb-focus, presumptive | ||
| | ||
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wùerùji /wɨɦʁuɦɟi/ | wùerùji /wɨɦʁuɦɟi/ | ||
- to be a frog, | - to be a frog, verb-focus | ||
duwùerùji /duwɨɦʁuɦɟi/ | duwùerùji /duwɨɦʁuɦɟi/ | ||
- to be a frog, | - to be a frog, verb-focus, presumptive(breathy voice spreading is blocked again) | ||
wùerùgùe /wɨɦʁɨɦgɨɦ/ | wùerùgùe /wɨɦʁɨɦgɨɦ/ | ||
- to be a frog, noun focus | - to be a frog, noun-focus | ||
duwùerùgùe /duwɨɦʁɨɦgɨɦ/ | duwùerùgùe /duwɨɦʁɨɦgɨɦ/ | ||
- to be a frog, noun focus, presumptive (breathy voice spreading is blocked | - to be a frog, noun-focus, presumptive (breathy voice spreading is blocked | ||
again) | again) | ||
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suekiraeypyu /sɨkiʁɛipʲu/ - to become | suekiraeypyu /sɨkiʁɛipʲu/ - to become | ||
scraped, | scraped, verb-focus | ||
túowkiraeypyu /touʔkiʁɛipʲu/ | túowkiraeypyu /touʔkiʁɛipʲu/ | ||
- to become scraped, | - to become scraped, verb-focus, presumptive (the first syllable is deleted and the prefix takes tense | ||
voice) | voice) | ||
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galiqi | galiqi | ||
/galiʔi/ - to be a hole, | /galiʔi/ - to be a hole, verb-focus | ||
duongaliqi | duongaliqi | ||
/doŋaliʔi/ - to be a hole, | /doŋaliʔi/ - to be a hole, verb-focus, presumptive (initial consonant | ||
changes to /ŋ/ again) | changes to /ŋ/ again) | ||
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byan | byan | ||
/bʲaɴ/ - to be pants, | /bʲaɴ/ - to be pants, verb-focus | ||
duozibyan | duozibyan | ||
/dozibʲaɴ/ - to be pants, | /dozibʲaɴ/ - to be pants, verb-focus, presumptive(insertion of -zi- again) | ||
pùn | pùn | ||
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síeypyíeytla /seiʔpʲeiʔtɬa/ - to be spit, | síeypyíeytla /seiʔpʲeiʔtɬa/ - to be spit, | ||
verb-focus | |||
túowppyíeytla /touʔpʼʲeiʔtɬa/ - to | túowppyíeytla /touʔpʼʲeiʔtɬa/ - to | ||
be spit, | be spit, verb-focus, presumptive(loss of initial syllable and ejectivisation of | ||
/p/) | /p/) | ||
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as some other event happens. The action described by the verb in the | as some other event happens. The action described by the verb in the | ||
conditional mood must be dependent on something else (which may or may not be | conditional mood must be dependent on something else (which may or may not be | ||
explicitly given in the sentence). | explicitly given in the sentence). It is formed by the prefix go- e.g. | ||
It is formed by the prefix go- e.g. | |||
| | ||
qíeypyiqiiey | qíeypyiqiiey | ||
/ʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/ - to spit out, | /ʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/ - to spit out, verb-focus | ||
goqíeypyiqiiey | goqíeypyiqiiey | ||
/gɔʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/ - to spit out, | /gɔʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/ - to spit out, verb-focus, | ||
conditional | conditional | ||
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qinyieliqaa | qinyieliqaa | ||
/ʔiɲeliʔaː/ - to pierce, | /ʔiɲeliʔaː/ - to pierce, verb-focus | ||
goqinyieliqaa | goqinyieliqaa | ||
/gɔʔiɲeliʔaː/ - to pierce, | /gɔʔiɲeliʔaː/ - to pierce, verb-focus, conditional | ||
| | ||
| Line 2,683: | Line 2,677: | ||
rèdlu | rèdlu | ||
/ʁɘɦdɮu/ - red, | /ʁɘɦdɮu/ - red, verb-focus | ||
tùrèdlu | tùrèdlu | ||
/tuɦʁɘɦdɮu/ - red, | /tuɦʁɘɦdɮu/ - red, verb-focus, presumptive | ||
kùorèdlu /koɦʁɘɦdɮu/ | kùorèdlu /koɦʁɘɦdɮu/ | ||
- red, | - red, verb-focus, conditional (phonation spreads in exactly the same way) | ||
| | ||
| Line 2,730: | Line 2,724: | ||
wùerùji | wùerùji | ||
/wɨɦʁuɦɟi/ - to be a frog, | /wɨɦʁuɦɟi/ - to be a frog, verb-focus | ||
duwùerùji | duwùerùji | ||
/duwɨɦʁuɦɟi/ - to be a frog, | /duwɨɦʁuɦɟi/ - to be a frog, verb-focus, | ||
presumptive(breathy voice spreading is blocked again) | presumptive (breathy voice spreading is blocked again) | ||
gowùerùji | gowùerùji | ||
/gɔwɨɦʁuɦɟi/ - to be a frog, | /gɔwɨɦʁuɦɟi/ - to be a frog, verb-focus, | ||
conditional (breathy voice spreading is blocked yet again) | conditional (breathy voice spreading is blocked yet again) | ||
| Line 2,764: | Line 2,758: | ||
suekiraeypyu | suekiraeypyu | ||
/sɨkiʁɛipʲu/ - to become scraped, | /sɨkiʁɛipʲu/ - to become scraped, verb-focus | ||
túowkiraeypyu | túowkiraeypyu | ||
/touʔkiʁɛipʲu/ - to become scraped, | /touʔkiʁɛipʲu/ - to become scraped, verb-focus, presumptive | ||
(the first syllable is deleted and the prefix takes tense voice again) | (the first syllable is deleted and the prefix takes tense voice again) | ||
kóekiraeypyu | kóekiraeypyu | ||
/kɜʔkiʁɛipʲu/ - to become scraped, | /kɜʔkiʁɛipʲu/ - to become scraped, verb-focus, | ||
conditional (the first syllable is deleted and the prefix takes tense voice yet | conditional (the first syllable is deleted and the prefix takes tense voice yet | ||
again) | again) | ||
| Line 2,798: | Line 2,792: | ||
galiqi | galiqi | ||
/galiʔi/ - to be a hole, | /galiʔi/ - to be a hole, verb-focus | ||
duongaliqi | duongaliqi | ||
/doŋaliʔi/ - to be a hole, | /doŋaliʔi/ - to be a hole, verb-focus, presumptive (initial consonant | ||
changes to /ŋ/ again) | changes to /ŋ/ again) | ||
gaongaliqi | gaongaliqi | ||
/gɒŋaliʔi/ - to be a hole, | /gɒŋaliʔi/ - to be a hole, verb-focus, conditional (initial | ||
consonant changes to /ŋ/ again) | consonant changes to /ŋ/ again) | ||
| Line 2,831: | Line 2,825: | ||
byan | byan | ||
/bʲaɴ/ - to be pants, | /bʲaɴ/ - to be pants, verb-focus | ||
duozibyan | duozibyan | ||
/dozibʲaɴ/ - to be pants, | /dozibʲaɴ/ - to be pants, verb-focus, presumptive(insertion of -zi- | ||
again) | again) | ||
gaozibyan | gaozibyan | ||
/gɒzibʲaɴ/ - to be pants, | /gɒzibʲaɴ/ - to be pants, verb-focus, conditional (insertion of | ||
-zi- yet again) | -zi- yet again) | ||
| Line 2,873: | Line 2,867: | ||
síeypyíeytla | síeypyíeytla | ||
/seiʔpʲeiʔtɬa/ - to be spit, | /seiʔpʲeiʔtɬa/ - to be spit, verb-focus | ||
túowppyíeytla | túowppyíeytla | ||
/touʔpʼʲeiʔtɬa/ - to be spit, | /touʔpʼʲeiʔtɬa/ - to be spit, verb-focus, presumptive | ||
(loss of initial syllable and ejectivisation of /p/ yet again) | (loss of initial syllable and ejectivisation of /p/ yet again) | ||
kóeppyíeytla | kóeppyíeytla | ||
/kɜʔpʼʲeiʔtɬa/ - to be spit, | /kɜʔpʼʲeiʔtɬa/ - to be spit, verb-focus, | ||
conditional | conditional | ||
| Line 2,957: | Line 2,951: | ||
rèdlu | rèdlu | ||
/ʁɘɦdɮu/ - red, | /ʁɘɦdɮu/ - red, verb-focus | ||
ráesuerèdlu | ráesuerèdlu | ||
/ ʁɛʔsɨʁɘɦdɮu/ | / ʁɛʔsɨʁɘɦdɮu/ | ||
- red, | - red, verb-focus, propositive | ||
| | ||
| Line 2,969: | Line 2,963: | ||
suekiraeypyu | suekiraeypyu | ||
/sɨkiʁɛipʲu/ - to become scraped, | /sɨkiʁɛipʲu/ - to become scraped, verb-focus | ||
ráettsíeykiraeypyu /rɛʔtsʼeiʔkiʁɛipʲu/ | ráettsíeykiraeypyu /rɛʔtsʼeiʔkiʁɛipʲu/ | ||
- to become scraped, | - to become scraped, verb-focus, propositive | ||
| | ||
| Line 3,044: | Line 3,038: | ||
damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle, | damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle, verb-focus | ||
dosamaehlu /dɔsamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle you, | dosamaehlu /dɔsamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle you, verb-focus | ||
damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam, | damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam, verb-focus | ||
diemamaehlu /demɛɬu/ - to scam me / us (not including you), | diemamaehlu /demɛɬu/ - to scam me / us (not including you), verb-focus | ||
| Line 3,070: | Line 3,064: | ||
damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle, | damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle, verb-focus | ||
daesamaehlu /dɛsamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle us (including you), | daesamaehlu /dɛsamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle us (including you), verb-focus | ||
desamaehlu /dɘsamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle oneself, | desamaehlu /dɘsamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle oneself, verb-focus | ||