Antarctican: Difference between revisions

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Antarctican (view source)

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====Vowel length====
Vowel length is phonemic, on both monophthongs and diphthongs e.g.
*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive
*kuuow /koːu/ - a frozen object, absolutive


====Vowel phonation====
====Vowel phonation====


Vowels in Antarctican can have either modal, tense or breathy voice. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a glottal stop after the syllable e.g. /aʔ/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /aɦ/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g.
Vowels in Antarctican also have phonemic phonation. Modal, tense or breathy voice can occur on either short or long vowels. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a glottal stop after the syllable e.g. /aʔ/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /aɦ/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g.
 


*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive
*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive
*kúow /kouʔ/ - bigot, absolutive
*kúow /kouʔ/ - bigot, absolutive


Tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels.
Tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels.


====Vowel length====


As well as vowel phonation, vowel length is also phonemic, on both monophthongs and diphthongs e.g.
=====Floating Phonation=====
 
Similar to floating tones in Bantu languages (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_tone), the beginnings of words in Antarctican can have floating phonation (unmarked for modal phonation, written with ' before the word for tense phonation, and ` before the word for breathy phonation). As an example, the following words are pronounced identically when not inflected:
 
 
ká /kaʔ/ - coconut milk, absolutive
 
'ká /kaʔ/ - fence, absolutive
 
 
However, when they take the prefix wa- (3rd person topicalised possessive), they are different:
 
 
waká /wakaʔ/ - his / her coconut milk, absolutive
 
'wáká /waʔkaʔ/ - his / her fence, absolutive
 
 
====Vowel Mutation====
 
When a process such as the above changes the phonation of a vowel, often its quality changes as well. E.g. the possessive prefix for inclusive "we" is yiew- /jeu/, however, when it acquires tense voice, it becomes 'yáew- /jɛuʔ/ e.g.
 
 
yiewká /jeukaʔ/ - our (including you) coconut milk, absolutive
 
'yáewká /jɛuʔkaʔ/ - our (including you) fence, absolutive
 
 
Also, the quality of a modally voiced vowel sometimes changes if the next vowel also has modal voice (this also depends on whether the intervening consonant is voice or voiceless). In the case of the prefix yiew- /jeu/, this changes to yew- /jɘu/ if the intervening consonant is voiceless (other than a glottal stop) e.g.
 
 
ton /tɔɴ/ - change (as in coins, money), absolutive
 
yewton /jɘutɔɴ/ - our (including you) change, absolutive
 
 
These changes are given in the table below:




*kuow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense voice !! Breathy voice !! !! Modal, normal !! Modal, before a voiced consonant followed by another modal vowel !! Modal, before a voiceless consonant followed by another modal vowel
|-
| íey || ùe || || i || i || ue
|-
| éy || ùey || || ii || ii || uue
|-
| áe / áae || è / èe || || ie / iie || ie / iie || e / ee
|-
| á / áa || òe / òoe || || a / aa || a / aa || ae / aae
|-
| úow || ù || || u || uo || u
|-
| éw || ùew || || uu || uow || uu
|-
| óe || ùo || || o || ao || o
|-
| áey / áaey || èy / èey || || iey / iiey || iey / iiey|| ey / eey
|-
| áy / áay || òey / òoey || || ay / aay || ay / aay|| aey / aaey
|-
| úoy / úuoy || ùy / ùuy || || uy / uuy || uoy / uuoy|| uy / uuy
|-
| áew / áaew || èw / èew || || iew / iiew || iew / iiew|| ew / eew
|-
| áw / áaw || òew / òoew || || aw / aaw || aw / aaw|| aew / aaew
|-
| ów / óow || ùow / ùuow || || uow / uuow || ow/ oow|| uow / uuow
|}


kuuow /koːu/ - a frozen object, absolutive


====Phonation restrictions====
====Phonation restrictions====
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*Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology.
*Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /s ~ ts/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [s] or [ts]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first.
*Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. They are only found between syllables with modal vowel phonation (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
*The placeless nasal /ɴ/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc.
*The placeless nasal /ɴ/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc.
*Voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) are only found in three cases.
*Voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) are only found in three cases.
:#Before a vowel with modal voice and at the beginning of a word.
:#Separating two syllables with modal voice (or a modal voice floating phonation if at the start of a word).
:#Before a vowel with modal voice, where the preceding syllable of the word has modal voice.
:#After a syllable containing breathy phonation (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word) and before a syllable containing modal phonation.
:#Before a vowel with breathy voice, where the preceding syllable of the word has breathy voice.
:#Separating two syllables with breathy voice (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word). In this case they are pronounced with breathy voice, like the murmured/voiced aspirated consonants of many Indian languages.
:#Before a vowel with modal voice, where the preceding syllable of the word has breathy voice (in this case the voicing is not phonemic).
*Non-alveolar fricatives are only found separating two syllables with modal voice (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word), or separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
 
*Ejectives are only ever found separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
In the latter case they are pronounced with breathy voice, like the murmured/voiced aspirated consonants of many Indian languages.
 
The same restrictions as above apply to the distribution of fricatives other than /s/, and of prestopped nasals except that they are never found in the 3rd and 4th cases, and also that voiceless fricatives can be found before two vowels with tense voice.
 
*Ejectives are only ever found between two vowels with tense voice (possibly with /ɴ/ separating them).
*Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /s ~ ts/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [s] or [ts]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first.
*The velar nasals /kŋ/ and /ŋ/ never occur at the beginning of words.
*The velar nasals /kŋ/ and /ŋ/ never occur at the beginning of words.
*The alveolar stops /t/ and /d/ are never found before /i/ and /ʎ/ (with any phonation), nor before tense voice /eʔ/ and /ɘʔ/, nor before diphthongs starting with these.
*The alveolar stops /t/ and /d/ are never found before /i/ and /ʎ/ (with any phonation), nor before tense voice /eʔ/ and /ɘʔ/, nor before diphthongs starting with these.
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Syllable structures are extremely limited, with only shapes being CV and CVɴ.
Syllable structures are extremely limited, with only shapes being CV and CVɴ.


==Noun Morphology==
==Noun Morphology==
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