Antarctican: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Antarctican (view source)

Revision as of 08:39, 15 February 2013

15,996 bytes removed ,  15 February 2013
Simplified Verbal Morphology, got rid of Grammatical Mood
(Tidied Up Possession Section)
(Simplified Verbal Morphology, got rid of Grammatical Mood)
Line 750: Line 750:
*pyiquu /pʲiʔuː/ - to purify, verb-focus
*pyiquu /pʲiʔuː/ - to purify, verb-focus
*pyiemyiquu /pʲemʲiʔuː/ - to purify, verb-focus, antipassive
*pyiemyiquu /pʲemʲiʔuː/ - to purify, verb-focus, antipassive
*hliqo /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform, verb-focus
*hli-o /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform, verb-focus
*hliemyiqo /ɬemʲiʔɔ/ - to perform, verb-focus, antipassive (not *(hliemiqo) /ɬmiʔɔ/)
*hliemyi-o /ɬemʲiʔɔ/ - to perform, verb-focus, antipassive (not *(hliemi-o) /ɬmiʔɔ/)


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Line 1,513: Line 1,513:
intransitive, verb-focus
intransitive, verb-focus


tùlèezi /tuɦlɘɦːzi/ –
`tùlèezi /tuɦlɘɦːzi/ –
to drag, intransitive, noun-focus  
to drag, intransitive, noun-focus  


 
 


rèdu /ʁɘdu/ - red, root
`rèdu /ʁɘdu/ - red, root


rèdlu /ʁɘɦdɮu/ - red,
`rèdlu /ʁɘɦdɮu/ - red,
verb-focus
verb-focus


rèdù /ʁɘɦduɦ/ - red,
`rèdù /ʁɘɦduɦ/ - red,
noun-focus  
noun-focus  


 
 


suekiraeypyi /sɨkiʁɛipʲi/
'kiraeypyi /kiʁɛipʲi/
- to become scraped, root
- to become scraped, root


suekiraeypyu /sɨkiʁɛipʲu/
'kiraeypyu /kiʁɛipʲu/
- to become scraped, verb-focus
- to become scraped, verb-focus


suekiraeypùe /sɨkiʁɛipɨɦ/
'kiraeypùe /kiʁɛipɨɦ/
- to become scraped, noun-focus  
- to become scraped, noun-focus  


Line 1,556: Line 1,556:
hlo /ɬɔ/ - to perform, root
hlo /ɬɔ/ - to perform, root


hliqo /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform,
hli-o /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform,
verb-focus
verb-focus


Line 1,566: Line 1,566:
 
 


qíeypyii /ʔeiʔpʲiː/ -
íeypyii /ʔeiʔpʲiː/ -
to spit out, root
to spit out, root


qíeypyiqiiey /ʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/
íeypyi-iiey /ʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/
- to spit out, verb-focus
- to spit out, verb-focus


 
 


qinyieliie /ʔiɲeleː/ - to
inyieliie /ʔiɲeleː/ - to
pierce, root
pierce, root


qinyieliqaa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/
inyieli-aa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/
- to pierce, verb-focus
- to pierce, verb-focus


Line 1,585: Line 1,585:
die, root
die, root


kivieliqiewn /kiɥeliʔeuɴ/ -
kivieli-iewn /kiɥeliʔeuɴ/ -
to die, verb-focus
to die, verb-focus


Line 1,657: Line 1,657:
 
 


fuekirami /fɨkiʁami/ - to swell
'kirami /kiʁami/ - to swell
up, root
up, root


fuekiramyu /fɨkiʁamʲu/ - to
'kiramyu /kiʁamʲu/ - to
swell up, verb-focus
swell up, verb-focus


 
 


qimuepu /ʔimɨpu/ - to sit down,
imuepu /ʔimɨpu/ - to sit down,
root
root


qimuepya /ʔimɨpʲa/ - to sit
imuepya /ʔimɨpʲa/ - to sit
down, verb-focus
down, verb-focus


Line 1,724: Line 1,724:
A few verb stems that end in a hard consonant
A few verb stems that end in a hard consonant
and ie /e/ behave differently. If the consonant is an obstruent and the
and ie /e/ behave differently. If the consonant is an obstruent and the
vowel is short, has modal voice and not followed by -n /ɴ/, then most of the time the
vowel is short, has modal voice and not followed by -n /ɴ/, then the
syllable is deleted and voice put onto the preceding syllable(s). This voice is breathy if the deleted obstruent was voiced, and tense if it was voiceless e.g.
syllable is deleted and voice put onto the preceding syllable(s). This voice is breathy if the deleted obstruent was voiced, and tense if it was voiceless e.g.


Line 1,749: Line 1,749:
intransitive, root
intransitive, root


mòetù /mɜɦtuɦ/ - to give
`mòetù /mɜɦtuɦ/ - to give
birth, intransitive, verb-focus
birth, intransitive, verb-focus


Line 1,756: Line 1,756:
nyiibie /ɲiːbe/ - to snow, root
nyiibie /ɲiːbe/ - to snow, root


nyùue /ɲɨːɦ/ - to snow,
`nyùue /ɲɨːɦ/ - to snow,
verb-focus
verb-focus


Line 1,777: Line 1,777:
 
 


<h6>Non-Changing Verbs</h6>
However, for a few words, this process of syllable deletion and vowel phonation change did not happen.
doesn’t happen e.g.
kazie /kaze/ - to be windy, root
kadli /kad&#622;i/ - to be windy, verb-focus
busuekie /bus&#616;ke/ - to engage in tree farming, root
busuechi /bus&#616;ci/ - to engage in tree farming, verb-focus
To understand this seemingly random
phenomenon, we need to go back to the ancestor language, which had a downstep /
pitch accent system similar to Japanese http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent. In this language, two sound changes occurred.
The first changed to [&#614;] (the source of breathy voice)
all word final sequences of Voiced Soft Obstruent + Low Pitched /i/. This only affected words with pitch accent
on the non-final syllable i.e. low tone words from tone languages, and words
that came into the language from stress-accent languages like English, Indonesian
and Spanish as long as they did not have stress on the final syllable. Words
without accent (like high tone words from tone languages, “flat” words from
Japanese) as well as words with accent on the final syllable were unaffected.
The second changed to [&#660;] (the source of tense voice), all word final sequences of Voiced Soft Obstruent + High Pitched /i/. This affected words without pitch accent, and words with pitch accent on the final syllable (i.e. words that would not have been affected by the first change).
When Antarctican lost its pitch accent, the
change became unpredictable.
&nbsp;


<h4>Noun-Focus Base</h4>
<h4>Noun-Focus Base</h4>
Line 1,827: Line 1,793:
&nbsp;
&nbsp;


qíeypyii /&#660;ei&#660;p&#690;i&#720;/ -
íeypyii /&#660;ei&#660;p&#690;i&#720;/ -
to spit out, root
to spit out, root


qíeypyùey /&#660;ei&#660;p&#690;&#616;i&#614;/
íeypyùey /&#660;ei&#660;p&#690;&#616;i&#614;/
- to spit out, noun-focus
- to spit out, noun-focus


Line 1,848: Line 1,814:
&nbsp;
&nbsp;


qinyieliie /&#660;i&#626;ele&#720;/ - to
inyieliie /&#660;i&#626;ele&#720;/ - to
pierce, root
pierce, root


qùenyèlèe /&#660;&#616;&#614;&#626;&#600;&#614;le&#720;/
ùenyèlèe /&#660;&#616;&#614;&#626;&#600;&#614;le&#720;/
- to pierce, noun-focus
- to pierce, noun-focus


Line 1,885: Line 1,851:
intransitive, root
intransitive, root


mòetùsè /m&#604;&#614;tu&#614;s&#600;&#614;/
`mòetùsè /m&#604;&#614;tu&#614;s&#600;&#614;/
- to give birth, intransitive, noun-focus
- to give birth, intransitive, noun-focus


Line 1,892: Line 1,858:
nyiibie /&#626;i&#720;be/ - to snow, root
nyiibie /&#626;i&#720;be/ - to snow, root


nyùeypè /&#626;&#616;ip&#600;&#614;/ - to
`nyùeypè /&#626;&#616;ip&#600;&#614;/ - to
snow, noun-focus
snow, noun-focus


Line 1,919: Line 1,885:
&nbsp;
&nbsp;


qimuepu /&#660;im&#616;pu/ - to sit down, root
imuepu /&#660;im&#616;pu/ - to sit down, root


qimipù / <span
imipù /&#660;imipu&#614;/ - to sit down, noun-focus
lang=EN-AU>&#660;imipu&#614;/ - to sit down, noun-focus


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Line 1,945: Line 1,910:
e.g.
e.g.


suekiraeypi /s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - to
'kiraeypi /ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - to
become scraped, root
become scraped, root


suekiraypùe /s&#616;ki&#641;aip&#616;&#614;/
'kiraypùe /ki&#641;aip&#616;&#614;/
- to become scraped, noun-focus
- to become scraped, noun-focus


Line 1,985: Line 1,950:
&nbsp;
&nbsp;


<h5>Formation by Suffixation Only</h5>
<h3>Restrictive / Non-Restrictive Modifiers</h3>


However, verbs that did not have pitch
When verbs / adjectives are used as modifiers, the verb-focus form is used when the modifier
accent in the proto-language form the noun-focus stem differently, adding the
is non restrictive ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictiveness ), and the
suffix –zi but otherwise not deleting or changing any syllables e.g.
noun-focus form is used when the modifier is restrictive e.g. from the work tieyláae
/teil&#603;&#660;&#720;/ - shirt, we can say:


&nbsp;
tieyláae `rèdlu /teil&#603;&#720;&#660; &#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;u/ – a red shirt
(non-restrictive)


kazie /kaze/ - to be windy, root
tieyláae `rèdù /teil&#603;&#720;&#660; &#641;&#600;&#614;du&#614;/ – the red shirt
(restrictive)


kaziezi /kazezi/ - to be windy, noun-focus


&nbsp;
<h3>Verbalisation</h3>


nangariew /na&#331;a&#641;eu/ - to flow, root
Antarctican has a very productive process
 
for to convert a noun N into an intransitive verb root meaning “to become N” /
nangariewzi /na&#331;a&#641;euzi/ - to
“to be N / to do what N does”. How this is done depends on the voicing of the
flow, noun-focus
last vowel of the absolutive form of the noun


&nbsp;
&nbsp;
<h4>Last Vowel of Abs. Form has Modal Voice</h4>
In this case, the verb root is identical to
the absolutive form e.g.


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


fuekirami /f&#616;ki&#641;ami/ - to swell
zivie /zi&#613;e/ - boat, absolutive
up, base


fuekiramizi /f&#616;ki&#641;amizi/ - to
zivie /zi&#613;e/ - to be a boat, verb root
swell up, noun-focus


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


shinari /çina&#641;i/ - to twist,
buraza /bu&#641;aza/ - brother, absolutive
intransitive, base


shinarizi /çina&#641;izi/ - to twist,
buraza /bu&#641;aza/ - to be a brother, verb
intransitive, noun-focus
root


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


<h3>Restrictive / Non-Restrictive Modifiers</h3>
yuenpiluy - /j&#616;&#628;pilui/ -
employee, absolutive


When verbs / adjectives are used as modifiers, the verb-focus form is used when the modifier
yuenpiluy - /j&#616;&#628;pilui/ -
is non restrictive ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictiveness ), and the
employee, verb root
noun-focus form is used when the modifier is restrictive e.g. from the work tieyláae
/teil&#603;&#660;&#720;/ - shirt, we can say:


tieyláae rèdlu /teil&#603;&#720;&#660; &#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;u/ – a red shirt
&nbsp;
(non-restrictive)


tieyláae rèdù /teil&#603;&#720;&#660; &#641;&#600;&#614;du&#614;/ – the red shirt
<h4>Other Cases</h4>
(restrictive)


However, if the final vowel of the
absolutive form has tense or breathy voice, the verb stem is formed from the
ergative form of the noun, minus any final –n e.g.


<h3>Verbalisation</h3>
&nbsp;


Antarctican has a very productive process
ùylèn /&#660;ui&#614;l&#604;&#628;&#614;/
for to convert a noun N into an intransitive verb root meaning “to become N” /
- island, absolutive
“to be N / to do what N does”. How this is done depends on the voicing of the
last vowel of the absolutive form of the noun


&nbsp;
uoyliendun /&#660;oile&#628;dun/ - island,
ergative


<h4>Last Vowel of Abs. Form has Modal Voice</h4>
uoyliendu /&#660;oile&#628;du/ - to be an
island, verb root


In this case, the verb root is identical to
&nbsp;
the absolutive form e.g.


&nbsp;
píey /pei&#660;/ - book, absolutive


zivie /zi&#613;e/ - boat, absolutive
píeykin /pei&#660;ki&#628;/ - book,
ergative


zivie /zi&#613;e/ - to be a boat, verb root
píeyki /pei&#660;ki/ - to be a book, verb root


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


buraza /bu&#641;aza/ - brother, absolutive
támá /ta&#660;ma&#660;/ - victim of a scam
/ swindle, absolutive
 
damaesin /dam&#603;si&#628;/ - victim of a
scam / swindle, ergative


buraza /bu&#641;aza/ - to be a brother, verb
damaesi /dam&#603;si/ - to be a victim of a
root
scam / swindle, verb root


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


yuenpiluy - /j&#616;&#628;pilui/ -
mòoe /m&#604;&#614;&#720;/ - betel nut,
employee, absolutive
absolutive
 
pmaagin /pma&#720;gi&#628;/ - betel nut,
ergative


yuenpiluy - /j&#616;&#628;pilui/ -
pmaagi /pma&#720;gi/ - to be a betel nut, verb
employee, verb root
stem


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


<h4>Other Cases</h4>
`pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - bridge, absolutive


However, if the final vowel of the
bilidlin /bilid&#622;i&#628;/ - bridge,
absolutive form has tense or breathy voice, the verb stem is formed from the
ergative
ergative form of the noun, minus any final –n e.g.
 
bilidli /bilid&#622;i/ - to be bridge / to
make it across, verb stem


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


qùylèn /&#660;ui&#614;l&#604;&#628;&#614;/
`pòey /p&#604;i&#614;/ - baby, absolutive
- island, absolutive


quoyliendun /&#660;oile&#628;dun/ - island,
baybyin /baib&#690;i&#628;/ - baby,
ergative
ergative


quoyliendu /&#660;oile&#628;du/ - to be an
baybyi /baib&#690;i/ - to be a baby, verb
island, verb root
stem


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


píey /pei&#660;/ - book, absolutive
pòey /p&#604;i&#614;/ - page, absolutive


píeykin /pei&#660;ki&#628;/ - book,
paydlin /paid&#622;i&#628;/ - page,
ergative
ergative


píeyki /pei&#660;ki/ - to be a book, verb root
paydli /paid&#622;i/ - to be a page, verb
stem
 
<h3>Transitivity</h3>


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


támá /ta&#660;ma&#660;/ - victim of a scam
Whether a verb is transitive or intransitive (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)) is very important in Antarctican syntax. Unlike English, where a verb such as "drag" can either be used transitively (as in the sentence "He was dragging his pants along the ground"), or intransitively (as in the sentence "His pants were dragging along the ground"), Antarctican uses distinct verb roots for each case e.g.
/ swindle, absolutive


damaesin /dam&#603;si&#628;/ - victim of a
&nbsp;
scam / swindle, ergative


damaesi /dam&#603;si/ - to be a victim of a
duoliieju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, intransitive, verb-focus (as in "his pants were dragging along the ground")
scam / swindle, verb root
 
dliieju
/d&#622;e&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, transitive, verb-focus (as in "he was dragging his pants along the ground")


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


mòoe /m&#604;&#614;&#720;/ - betel nut,
`tùlèezi /tu&#614;l&#600;&#614;&#720;zi/ – to drag, intransitive,
absolutive
noun-focus
 
`tlèezi
/t&#620;&#600;&#614;&#720;zi/– to drag, transitive, noun-focus


pmaagin /pma&#720;gi&#628;/ - betel nut,
&nbsp;
ergative


pmaagi /pma&#720;gi/ - to be a betel nut, verb
Very
stem
commonly, transitive roots are formed from intransitive roots by deletion of
the first vowel and the second consonant. And if, out of the first and second
consonants, one was soft and the other hard, the first consonant is changed to
agree in hardness / softness with the second (deleted) consonant e.g.


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


pùelùe /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - bridge, absolutive
duolieegi /dole&#720;gi/ - to drag, intransitive, root


bilidlin /bilid&#622;i&#628;/ - bridge,
dlieegi /d&#622;e&#720;gi/ - to drag, intransitive, root
ergative
 
bilidli /bilid&#622;i/ - to be bridge / to
make it across, verb stem


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


pòey /p&#604;i&#614;/ - baby, absolutive
shinari
/çina&#641;i/ - to twist, intransitive, root


baybyin /baib&#690;i&#628;/ - baby,
hari
ergative
/&#967;a&#641;i/ - to twist, transitive, root
 
baybyi /baib&#690;i/ - to be a baby, verb
stem


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


pòey /p&#604;i&#614;/ - page, absolutive
The transitive roots are then inflected for focus e.g.


paydlin /paid&#622;i&#628;/ - page,
&nbsp;
ergative


paydli /paid&#622;i/ - to be a page, verb
shinari
stem
/çina&#641;i/ - to twist, intransitive, root


<h3>Transitivity</h3>
shinali /çinali/ - to twist, intransitive, verb-focus


&nbsp;
yùenòerùe
 
/j&#616;&#614;n&#604;&#614;&#641;&#616;&#614;/ - to twist, intransitive,
Whether a verb is transitive or intransitive (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)) is very important in Antarctican syntax. Unlike English, where a verb such as "drag" can either be used transitively (as in the sentence "He was dragging his pants along the ground"), or intransitively (as in the sentence "His pants were dragging along the ground"), Antarctican uses distinct verb roots for each case e.g.
noun-focus


&nbsp;
&nbsp;


duoliieju /dole&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, intransitive, verb-focus (as in "his pants were dragging along the ground")
hari
/&#967;a&#641;i/ - to twist, transitive, root


dliieju
hali
/d&#622;e&#720;&#607;u/ - to drag, transitive, verb-focus (as in "he was dragging his pants along the ground")
/&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, verb-focus


&nbsp;
ròerùe
 
/&#641;&#604;&#614;&#641;&#616;&#614;/ - to twist, transitive, noun-focus
tùlèezi /tu&#614;l&#600;&#614;&#720;zi/ – to drag, intransitive,
noun-focus
 
tlèezi
/t&#620;&#600;&#614;&#720;zi/– to drag, transitive, noun-focus
 
&nbsp;
 
Very
commonly, transitive roots are formed from intransitive roots by deletion of
the first vowel and the second consonant. And if, out of the first and second
consonants, one was soft and the other hard, the first consonant is changed to
agree in hardness / softness with the second (deleted) consonant e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
duolieegi /dole&#720;gi/ - to drag, intransitive, root
 
dlieegi /d&#622;e&#720;gi/ - to drag, intransitive, root
 
&nbsp;
 
shinari
/çina&#641;i/ - to twist, intransitive, root
 
hari
/&#967;a&#641;i/ - to twist, transitive, root
 
&nbsp;
 
The transitive roots are then inflected for focus e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
shinari
/çina&#641;i/ - to twist, intransitive, root
 
shinali /çinali/ - to twist, intransitive, verb-focus
 
yùenòerùe
/j&#616;&#614;n&#604;&#614;&#641;&#616;&#614;/ - to twist, intransitive,
noun-focus
 
&nbsp;
 
hari
/&#967;a&#641;i/ - to twist, transitive, root
 
hali
/&#967;ali/ - to twist, transitive, verb-focus
 
ròerùe
/&#641;&#604;&#614;&#641;&#616;&#614;/ - to twist, transitive, noun-focus
 
<h3>Mood</h3>
 
While tense and aspect play very minor roles in Antarctican, the language has a rich set of grammatical moods, formed by prefixes on the verb. It is conflated with evidentiality, but totally separated from focus.
 
&nbsp;
 
<h4>Presumptive Mood</h4>
 
This is used to talk about hypothetical and counterfactual events, that do not / have not / will not ever take place in the speaker's view. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetical_mood or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_mood#Presumptive. It is formed by prefixing du- to the verb e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
qíeypyiqiiey /&#660;ei&#660;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/
- to spit out, verb-focus
 
duqíeypyiqiiey /du&#660;ei&#660;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/
- to spit out, verb-focus, presumptive
 
&nbsp;
 
qinyieliqaa /&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/
- to pierce, verb-focus
 
duqinyieliqaa /du&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/
- to pierce, verb-focus, presumptive
 
&nbsp;
 
All the same
processes that can happen to prefixes on nouns (e.g. phonation spreading), can
also happen to prefixes on verbs e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
rèdlu /&#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;u/
- red, verb-focus
 
tùrèdlu /tu;&#614;&#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;u/
- red, verb-focus, presumptive
 
&nbsp;
 
Furthermore, if a
verb has been derived from a noun, then all prefixes that attach to it undergo
the exact same processes that prefixes attached to that noun would e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
pùelùe
/p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - bridge, absolutive
 
myùepùelùe
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive
(breathy voice spreads)
 
bilidli /bilid&#622;i/
- to be bridge / to make it across, verb root
 
pùelùezi /p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;zi/
- to make it across, noun-focus
 
tùpùelùezi /tu&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;zi/
- to make it across, noun-focus, presumptive(breathy voice spreads
again)
 
&nbsp;
 
wùerù ./w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;/
- frog, absolutive
 
myiwùerù ./m&#690;iw&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;/
- frog, absolutive (breathy voice spreading is blocked)
 
wùerùgin /w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;gi&#628;/
- frog, ergative
 
wùerùgi /w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;gi/
- to be a frog, root
 
wùerùji /w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;&#607;i/
- to be a frog, verb-focus
 
duwùerùji /duw&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;&#607;i/
- to be a frog, verb-focus, presumptive(breathy voice spreading is blocked again)
 
wùerùgùe /w&#616;&#614;&#641;&#616;&#614;g&#616;&#614;/
- to be a frog, noun-focus
 
duwùerùgùe /duw&#616;&#614;&#641;&#616;&#614;g&#616;&#614;/
- to be a frog, noun-focus, presumptive (breathy voice spreading is blocked
again)
 
&nbsp;
 
suekiraeypi
/s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - a scrape, absolutive
 
myíeykiraypi
/m&#690;ei&#660;ki&#641;aipi/ - my scrape, absolutive (the first syllable is
deleted and the prefix takes tense voice)
 
suekiraeypi
/s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - to become scraped, root
 
suekiraeypyu /s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;u/ - to become
scraped, verb-focus
 
túowkiraeypyu /tou&#660;ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;u/
- to become scraped, verb-focus, presumptive (the first syllable is deleted and the prefix takes tense
voice)
 
suekiraypùe
/wa&#660;ki&#641;aip&#616;&#614;/ - to become scraped, noun-focus
 
túowkiraypùe
/ tou&#660;ki&#641;aip&#616;&#614;/ - to become
scraped, noun-focus, presumptive(the first syllable is deleted and the prefix
takes tense voice)
 
&nbsp;
 
gali
/gali/ - hole, absolutive
 
myingali
/m&#690;i&#331;ali/ - my hole, absolutive (initial consonant changes to /&#331;/)
 
gali
/gali/ - to be a hole, verb root
 
galiqi
/gali&#660;i/ - to be a hole, verb-focus
 
duongaliqi
/do&#331;ali&#660;i/ - to be a hole, verb-focus, presumptive (initial consonant
changes to /&#331;/ again)
 
kòelùe
/k&#604;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - to be a hole, noun-focus
 
tùngòelùe
/tu&#614;&#331;&#604;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - to be a hole, noun-focus,
presumptive(initial consonant changes to /&#331;/ again)
 
&nbsp;
 
bun
/bu&#628;/ - pants, absolutive
 
myizibun
/m&#690;izibu&#628;/ - my pants, absolutive (insertion of -zi-)
 
bun
/bu&#628;/ - to be pants, root
 
byan
/b&#690;a&#628;/ - to be pants, verb-focus
 
duozibyan
/dozib&#690;a&#628;/ - to be pants, verb-focus, presumptive(insertion of -zi- again)
 
pùn
/pu&#628;&#614;/ - to be pants, noun-focus
 
tùsùepùn
/tu&#614;s&#616;&#614;pu&#628;&#614;/ - to be pants, noun-focus,
presumptive(insertion of -zi- again, which changes to -sùe- due to taking on breathy voice)
 
&nbsp;
 
síeypyíey /sei&#660;p&#690;ei&#660;/ - spit, absolutive
 
míeyppyíey /m&#690;ei&#660;p&#700;&#690;ei&#660;/ - my spit, absolutive
(loss of initial syllable and ejectivisation of /p/)
 
síeypyíeytu&#628; /sei&#660;p&#690;ei&#660;tu&#628;/ -
spit, ergative
 
míeyppyíeytun /m&#690;ei&#660;p&#700;&#690;ei&#660;tu&#628;/ -
my spit, ergative (loss of initial syllable and ejectivisation of /p/)
 
síeypyíeytu /sei&#660;p&#690;ei&#660;tu/ - to be spit, root
 
síeypyíeytla /sei&#660;p&#690;ei&#660;t&#620;a/ - to be spit,
verb-focus
 
túowppyíeytla /tou&#660;p&#700;&#690;ei&#660;t&#620;a/ - to
be spit, verb-focus, presumptive(loss of initial syllable and ejectivisation of
/p/)
 
síeypyíeytù /sei&#660;p&#690;ei&#660;tu&#614;/ -
to be spit, noun-focus
 
túowppyíeytù /tou&#660;p&#700;&#690;ei&#660;tu&#614;/ -
to be spit, noun-focus, presumptive(loss of initial syllable and
ejectivisation of /p/)
 
&nbsp;
 
<h4>Conditional Mood</h4>
 
This is used for events that
could, in the speaker’s mind, happen / have happened / will happen, but as long
as some other event happens. The action described by the verb in the
conditional mood must be dependent on something else (which may or may not be
explicitly given in the sentence). It is formed by the prefix go- e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
qíeypyiqiiey
/&#660;ei&#660;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/ - to spit out, verb-focus
 
goqíeypyiqiiey
/g&#596;&#660;ei&#660;p&#690;i&#660;e&#720;i/ - to spit out, verb-focus,
conditional
 
&nbsp;
 
qinyieliqaa
/&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/ - to pierce, verb-focus
 
goqinyieliqaa
/g&#596;&#660;i&#626;eli&#660;a&#720;/ - to pierce, verb-focus, conditional
 
&nbsp;
 
It
undergoes the exact same processes as the prefix for presumptive mood e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
rèdlu
/&#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;u/ - red, verb-focus
 
tùrèdlu
/tu&#614;&#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;u/ - red, verb-focus, presumptive
 
kùorèdlu /ko&#614;&#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;u/
- red, verb-focus, conditional (phonation spreads in exactly the same way)
 
&nbsp;
 
pùelùe
/p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - bridge, absolutive
 
myùepùelùe
/m&#690;&#616;&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - my bridge, absolutive
(breathy voice spreads)
 
bilidli
/bilid&#622;i/ - to be a bridge / to make it across, verb root
 
pùelùezi
/p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;zi/ - to make it across, noun-focus
 
tùpùelùezi
/tu&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;zi/ - to make it across, noun-focus,
presumptive (breathy voice spreads again)
 
kùopùelùezi
/ko&#614;p&#616;&#614;l&#616;&#614;zi/ - to make it across, noun-focus,
conditional (breathy voice spreads yet again)
 
&nbsp;
 
wùerù
./w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;/ - frog, absolutive
 
myiwùerù
./m&#690;iw&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;/ - frog, absolutive (breathy voice
spreading is blocked)
 
wùerùgin
/w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;gi&#628;/ - frog, ergative
 
wùerùgi
/w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;gi/ - to be a frog, root
 
wùerùji
/w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;&#607;i/ - to be a frog, verb-focus
 
duwùerùji
/duw&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;&#607;i/ - to be a frog, verb-focus,
presumptive (breathy voice spreading is blocked again)
 
gowùerùji
/g&#596;w&#616;&#614;&#641;u&#614;&#607;i/ - to be a frog, verb-focus,
conditional (breathy voice spreading is blocked yet again)
 
wùerùgùe
/w&#616;&#614;&#641;&#616;&#614;g&#616;&#614;/ - to be a frog, noun focus
 
duwùerùgùe
/duw&#616;&#614;&#641;&#616;&#614;g&#616;&#614;/ - to be a frog, noun focus,
presumptive
 
gowùerùgùe
/g&#596;w&#616;&#614;&#641;&#616;&#614;g&#616;&#614;/ - to be a frog, noun
focus, conditional
 
&nbsp;
 
suekiraeypi
/s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - a scrape, absolutive
 
myíeykiraypi
/m&#690;ei&#660;ki&#641;aipi/ - my scrape, absolutive (the first syllable is
deleted and the prefix takes tense voice)
 
suekiraeypi
/s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ipi/ - to become scraped, root
 
suekiraeypyu
/s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;u/ - to become scraped, verb-focus
 
túowkiraeypyu
/tou&#660;ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;u/ - to become scraped, verb-focus, presumptive
(the first syllable is deleted and the prefix takes tense voice again)
 
kóekiraeypyu
/k&#604;&#660;ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;u/ - to become scraped, verb-focus,
conditional (the first syllable is deleted and the prefix takes tense voice yet
again)
 
suekiraypùe
/wa&#660;ki&#641;aip&#616;&#614;/ - to become scraped, noun-focus
 
túowkiraypùe
/ tou&#660;ki&#641;aip&#616;&#614;/ - to become scraped, noun-focus,
presumptive
 
kóekiraypùe
/ k&#604;&#660;ki&#641;aip&#616;&#614;/ - to become scraped, noun-focus,
conditional
 
&nbsp;
 
gali
/gali/ - hole, absolutive
 
myingali
/m&#690;i&#331;ali/ - my hole, absolutive (initial consonant changes to /&#331;/)
 
gali
/gali/ - to be a hole, verb root
 
galiqi
/gali&#660;i/ - to be a hole, verb-focus
 
duongaliqi
/do&#331;ali&#660;i/ - to be a hole, verb-focus, presumptive (initial consonant
changes to /&#331;/ again)
 
gaongaliqi
/g&#594;&#331;ali&#660;i/ - to be a hole, verb-focus, conditional (initial
consonant changes to /&#331;/ again)
 
kòelùe
/k&#604;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - to be a hole, noun-focus
 
tùngòelùe
/tu&#614;&#331;&#604;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - to be a hole, noun-focus,
presumptive
 
kùongòelùe
/ko&#614;&#331;&#604;&#614;l&#616;&#614;/ - to be a hole, noun-focus,
conditional
 
&nbsp;
 
bun
/bu&#628;/ - pants, absolutive
 
myizibun
/m&#690;izibu&#628;/ - my pants, absolutive (insertion of -zi-)
 
bun
/bu&#628;/ - to be pants, root
 
byan
/b&#690;a&#628;/ - to be pants, verb-focus
 
duozibyan
/dozib&#690;a&#628;/ - to be pants, verb-focus, presumptive(insertion of -zi-
again)
 
gaozibyan
/g&#594;zib&#690;a&#628;/ - to be pants, verb-focus, conditional (insertion of
-zi- yet again)
 
pùn
/pu&#628;&#614;/ - to be pants, noun-focus
 
tùsùepùn
/tu&#614;s&#616;&#614;pu&#628;&#614;/ - to be pants, noun-focus, presumptive
(insertion of -zi- again, which changes to -sùe- due to taking on breathy
voice)
 
kùosùepùn
/ko&#614;s&#616;&#614;pu&#628;&#614;/ - to be pants, noun-focus, conditional
(same as above)
 
&nbsp;
 
síeypyíey
/sei&#660;p&#690;ei&#660;/ - spit, absolutive
 
míeyppyíey
/m&#690;ei&#660;p&#700;&#690;ei&#660;/ - my spit, absolutive (loss of initial
syllable and ejectivisation of /p/)
 
síeypyíeytu&#628;
/sei&#660;p&#690;ei&#660;tu&#628;/ - spit, ergative
 
míeyppyíeytun
/m&#690;ei&#660;p&#700;&#690;ei&#660;tu&#628;/ - my spit, ergative (loss of
initial syllable and ejectivisation of /p/ again )
 
síeypyíeytu
/sei&#660;p&#690;ei&#660;tu/ - to be spit, root
 
síeypyíeytla
/sei&#660;p&#690;ei&#660;t&#620;a/ - to be spit, verb-focus
 
túowppyíeytla
/tou&#660;p&#700;&#690;ei&#660;t&#620;a/ - to be spit, verb-focus, presumptive
(loss of initial syllable and ejectivisation of /p/ yet again)
 
kóeppyíeytla
/k&#604;&#660;p&#700;&#690;ei&#660;t&#620;a/ - to be spit, verb-focus,
conditional
 
síeypyíeytù
/sei&#660;p&#690;ei&#660;tu&#614;/ - to be spit, noun-focus
 
túowppyíeytù
/tou&#660;p&#700;&#690;ei&#660;tu&#614;/ - to be spit, noun-focus, presumptive
 
kóeppyíeytù
/k&#604;&#660;p&#700;&#690;ei&#660;tu&#614;/ - to be spit, noun-focus,
presumptive
 
&nbsp;
 
<h4>Dubitative Mood</h4>
 
This is used to indicate that the speaker is making a guess
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubitative_mood). It is marked with the prefix
muy-.
 
&nbsp;
 
<h4>Inferential Mood</h4>
 
This is used when the speaker
has found some evidence to infer that something is / was / will be happening,
but has not witnessed it (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferential_mood). It is
marked with the prefix bi-
 
&nbsp;
 
<h4>Deductive Mood</h4>
 
This is used when the speaker
has not witnessed an event, but is very sure that it is / was / will be
happening (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_mood). It is marked with the
prefix ma-.
 
&nbsp;
 
<h4>Renarrative Mood</h4>
 
This is used for information
that the speaker has been told. It is marked with the prefix wa-.
 
&nbsp;
 
<h4>Assumptive Mood</h4>
 
This has two uses. The first
is for events that the speaker believes are / were / will be happening, based
on that event having previously occurred
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumptive_mood). The second is where English
would use the constructed “tend(s) to ...” to describe habit. It is marked with
the prefix kun-.
 
&nbsp;
 
<h4>Imperative Mood</h4>
 
This is used to tell the
listener to do something (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_mood). It is
marked with the prefix hay-
 
&nbsp;
 
<h4>Propositive Mood</h4>
 
This is used to make a
suggestion to do something together with the listener
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositive_mood). It is normally marked with the
prefix ráesi- e.g.
 
&nbsp;
 
rèdlu
/&#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;u/ - red, verb-focus
 
ráesuerèdlu
/ &#641;&#603;&#660;s&#616;&#641;&#600;&#614;d&#622;u/
- red, verb-focus, propositive
 
&nbsp;
 
However, if tense voice
spreads onto the prefix, the fricative -s- changes to the ejective -tts- e.g.
 
suekiraeypyu
/s&#616;ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;u/ - to become scraped, verb-focus
 
ráettsíeykiraeypyu /r&#603;&#660;ts&#700;ei&#660;ki&#641;&#603;ip&#690;u/
- to become scraped, verb-focus, propositive
 
&nbsp;
 
<h4>Jussive Mood</h4>


This is used for things that
the speaker believes should happen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussive_mood).
It can be used with 1st, 2nd and 3rd person
subjects. It is marked with the prefix dla-.


<h3>Voice and Object Marking</h3>
<h3>Voice and Object Marking</h3>
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/4433"

Navigation menu