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'''Hraayan''' is a language spoken by approximately 63 million people in the Republic of Hraaya in Southeast Asia. Although the origins of the language are still a topic of debate within the linguistic community, most scholars agree that Hraayan is Sinitic in origin with heavy Austronesian influence, with minorities believing the language is a distinct branch in the Trans-Himalayan language family. Broad consensus is that Hraayan diverged from Old Chinese some time in the mid-1st millennium BCE, its speakers migrating southward, whereafter they first settled near the Mekong Delta and later in their present location. It serves as the native language of the Hraay ethnic group and is spoken natively by the majority of Hraaya. | '''Hraayan''' is a language spoken by approximately 63 million people in the Republic of Hraaya in Southeast Asia. Although the origins of the language are still a topic of debate within the linguistic community, most scholars agree that Hraayan is Sinitic in origin with heavy Austronesian influence, with minorities believing the language is a distinct branch in the Trans-Himalayan language family. Broad consensus is that Hraayan diverged from Old Chinese some time in the mid-1st millennium BCE, its speakers migrating southward, whereafter they first settled near the Mekong Delta and later in their present location. It serves as the native language of the Hraay ethnic group and is spoken natively by the majority of Hraaya. | ||
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
The etymology of the ethnonym ''Hraay'', and thus of the name ''ngan Hraay'', is unknown (although ''ngan'' is derived from Old Chinese 言 ''*ŋan'' "speech"). A formerly common theory is that it is related to the word ''Hraang'' "oriole" (from Old Chinese 鶬 ''*[s.r̥]ˤaŋ''), though modern consensus is that the oriole as a national symbol is a later conflation due to phonological similarity with the word ''Hraay'' rather than a direct etymological link. | The etymology of the ethnonym ''Hraay'', and thus of the name ''ngan Hraay'', is unknown (although ''ngan'' is derived from Old Chinese 言 ''*ŋan'' "speech"). A formerly common theory is that it is related to the word ''Hraang'' "oriole" (from Old Chinese 鶬 ''*[s.r̥]ˤaŋ''), though modern consensus is that the oriole as a national symbol is a later conflation due to phonological similarity with the word ''Hraay'' rather than a direct etymological link. | ||
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
Hraayan is today written using a reduced from of the Latin alphabet, consisting of 22 letters. It makes no use of diacritics and borrowed words are always adapted to the native alphabet in official contexts, though in colloquial contexts spelling alterations are not made, and the Hraayan keyboard layout is broadly identical to the English one. | Hraayan is today written using a reduced from of the Latin alphabet, consisting of 22 letters. It makes no use of diacritics and borrowed words are always adapted to the native alphabet in official contexts, though in colloquial contexts spelling alterations are not made, and the Hraayan keyboard layout is broadly identical to the English one. | ||
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Through frequent reforms by the Hraayan Language Association (''Wu Ning yi Ngan Hraay'', commonly abbreviated as ''WNNH''), Hraayan spelling is broadly up-to-date with its pronunciation, although some digraphs are used. | Through frequent reforms by the Hraayan Language Association (''Wu Ning yi Ngan Hraay'', commonly abbreviated as ''WNNH''), Hraayan spelling is broadly up-to-date with its pronunciation, although some digraphs are used. | ||
==Phonology== | |||
* '' | ===Consonants=== | ||
Hraayan's consonant inventory consists of 22 phonemes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 400px; text-align: center" | |||
! | |||
!Labial | |||
!Alveolar | |||
!Dorsal/Glottal | |||
|- | |||
!Nasal | |||
|m | |||
|n | |||
|ŋ | |||
|- | |||
!Plosive | |||
|p b | |||
|t d | |||
|k kʷ ɡ ɡʷ | |||
|- | |||
!Fricative | |||
|f v | |||
|s z | |||
|h | |||
|- | |||
!Approximant | |||
|ʍ w | |||
|ɾ̥ ɾ l | |||
|j | |||
|} | |||
<small>[ɥ] exists as an allophone of /w/ in coda position after /i/.</small> | |||
All letters for Hraayan consonants correspond to their IPA equivalents, except for the following: | |||
*/ɾ/ and /j/ are written with ''r'' and ''y'' respectively. | |||
*The phonemes /ŋ/, /kʷ/, /ɡʷ/, /ʍ/, /ɾ̥/ and /ɾ/ are written with the digraphs ''ng'', ''kw'', ''gw'', ''hw'' and ''hr'' respectively. | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
Hraayan's consonant inventory consists of 5 phonemes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 400px; text-align: center" | |||
! | |||
!Front | |||
!Back | |||
|- | |||
!Close | |||
|i | |||
|u | |||
|- | |||
!Mid | |||
|e | |||
|o | |||
|- | |||
!Open | |||
|colspan="2"| a | |||
|} | |||
<small>[ɪ] and [ʊ] exist as an allophones of /i/ and /u/ after /j/ and /w ʍ/. [ɛ] and [ɔ] exist as an allophones of /e/ and /o/ in the final syllables of polysyllabic words, though this is only typical of the Songulute dialect.</small> | |||
All letters for Hraayan vowels correspond to their IPA equivalents. | |||
===Stress=== | |||
Stress in Hraayan is always word-initial. Classifiers are always unstressed. | |||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
The maximum licit syllable structure in Hraayan is CVN/CC. A word-final coda may consist of any of /n ŋ t s w j r nt wt jt/. | |||
WIP | WIP | ||
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