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Kämpya: Difference between revisions
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→Demonstratives: Uphill / Downhill Contrast Added
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Kämpya | Kämpya's system of demonstratives is more complex than English. Unlike English which only makes a two-way distinction between "this" and "that", Kämpya makes a five-way contrast between "this" (on the same level as the speaker), "this" (above / uphill from the speaker), "this" (below / downhill from the speaker), "that" (far from the speaker but still visible) and "that" (invisible to the speaker). The distinction between uphill and downhill objects is particularly relevant for most Kämpya speakers, since they mostly live along a mountainous coastline. Dialects spoken in flatter areas tend to rapidly simplify the system. | ||
It also uses tone to distinguish pronominal demonstratives (e.g. in the sentence "''This'' is a cat") from adnominal demonstratives (e.g. in the sentence "''This'' cat is here"). It also uses tone to make a further distinction in adnominal demonstratives depending on whether they are describing a place, or something else. | |||
For example "this mountain" is /dá ˈmjáuʔnàn/, since a mountain is a place. But "this dog" is /dà̰ kʰwèi̤/, since a dog is not a place. | |||
Here is a table of the demonstratives: | Here is a table of the demonstratives: | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! | ! !! This (same level) !! This (higher / uphill) !! This (below / downhill) !! That (visible) !! That (invisible) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Pronominal || | | Pronominal || dâ̰ || tʰéʔk || áuʔk || hôṵ || hlà̤n | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Adnominal (Places) || | | Adnominal (Places) || dá || *t(ʰ)ék || áuk || *(h)óu || *hlàn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Adnominal (Other cases) || | | Adnominal (Other cases) || dà̰ || tʰèʔk || àuʔk || hòṵ || hlà̤n | ||
|} | |} | ||
*/hóu-/ has the allomorph /*hów-/ before a vowel. Before a word containing an aspirated consonant, a voiceless nasal or another /h/, the initial /h/ is dropped e.g. /óu=pʰáˈzè̤t/ - "that forest", not */hóu=pʰáˈzè̤t/. | */hóu-/ has the allomorph /*hów-/ before a vowel. Before a word containing an aspirated consonant, a voiceless nasal or another /h/, the initial /h/ is dropped e.g. /óu=pʰáˈzè̤t/ - "that forest", not */hóu=pʰáˈzè̤t/. Under similar conditions, the initial /h/ in /hlàn/ is lost, as well as the aspiration in /t(ʰ)ék/. | ||
===Possession=== | ===Possession=== | ||