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Konukuian: Difference between revisions
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Konikuian verbs can be analytically marked with particles to indicate aspect and mood. | Konikuian verbs can be analytically marked with particles to indicate aspect and mood. | ||
Below is a list of common Aspect, and Mood Markers | Below is a list of common Aspect, and Mood Markers | ||
*Perfective {{sc|pref}} 'ulu, from OC 矣 | * Perfective: {{sc|pref}} ''ulu'', from OC {{lang|och|矣}} | ||
*Imperfective {{sc|imperf}} ' | * Imperfective: {{sc|imperf}} ''ʻo'', from OC {{lang|och|恆}} | ||
*Infinitive {{sc|inf}} lu, from OC 以 | * Infinitive: {{sc|inf}} ''lu'', from OC {{lang|och|以}} | ||
*Intentive {{sc|int}} ka, from OC 將 | * Intentive: {{sc|int}} ''ka'', from OC {{lang|och|將}} | ||
*Present progressive {{sc|pres.prog}} ' | * Present progressive: {{sc|pres.prog}} ''ʻua'', from OC {{lang|och|于}} | ||
*Imperative {{sc|imp}} a, from OC 做 | * Imperative: {{sc|imp}} ''a'', from OC {{lang|och|做}} | ||
*Prohibitive {{sc|proh}} mo, from OC 毋 | * Prohibitive: {{sc|proh}} ''mo'', from OC {{lang|och|毋}} | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
Konukuian has a set of personal pronouns that distinguish person and number, and show different forms depending on their grammatical function (subject, object, possessive). It also notably preserves a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns, a feature less common in many modern Sinitic languages but attested in some Sinitic varieties and other Sino-Tibetan branches. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Personal pronouns | |+Personal pronouns | ||
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | | ! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | | ||
! colspan="3" | | ! colspan="3" |Function | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Nominative | !Subject Form<br/>(Nominative) | ||
!Genitive | !Possessive Form<br/>(Genitive) | ||
!Accusative | !Object Form<br/>(Accusative) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" |Singular | ! rowspan="3" |Singular | ||
(1) | (1) | ||
! colspan="2" |1st | ! colspan="2" |1st (I) | ||
|nā (吾) | |{{lang|kkn|nā}} ({{lang|och|吾}}) | ||
|nāko (吾之) | |{{lang|kkn|nāko}} ({{lang|och|吾之}}) | ||
|ne (我) | |{{lang|kkn|ne}} ({{lang|och|我}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |2nd | ! colspan="2" |2nd (you) | ||
|nū (你) | |{{lang|kkn|nū}} ({{lang|och|你}}) | ||
|nūko (你之) | |{{lang|kkn|nūko}} ({{lang|och|你之}}) | ||
|nē (汝) | |{{lang|kkn|nē}} ({{lang|och|汝}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |3rd | ! colspan="2" |3rd (he/she/it) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|ʻā}} ({{lang|och|它}}) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|ʻīko}} ({{lang|och|伊之}}) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|ʻī}} ({{lang|och|伊}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4" |Plural | ! rowspan="4" |Plural | ||
(2+) | (2+) | ||
! rowspan="2" |1st | ! rowspan="2" |1st (we) | ||
!incl. | !incl.<br/>(you & I) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|hiʻa}} ({{lang|och|咱}}) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|hiʻa ko}} ({{lang|och|咱之}}) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|nehiʻa}} ({{lang|och|我咱}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!excl. | !excl.<br/>(I, not you) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|puliʻa}} ({{lang|och|弗咱}}) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|puliʻa ko}} ({{lang|och|弗咱之}}) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|punēliʻa}} ({{lang|och|弗汝咱}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |2nd | ! colspan="2" |2nd (you plural) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|nūʻu}} ({{lang|och|你等}}) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|nūʻu ko}} ({{lang|och|你等之}}) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|nēʻu}} ({{lang|och|汝等}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |3rd | ! colspan="2" |3rd (they) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|ʻāu}} ({{lang|och|它等}}) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|ʻāu ko}} ({{lang|och|它等之}}) | ||
| | |{{lang|kkn|ʻīku}} ({{lang|och|伊等}}) | ||
|} | |} | ||
''Note: The distinction between subject, possessive, and object forms is similar to some patterns found in early Chinese and some modern Sinitic dialects, rather than a typical Indo-European case system. The possessive form is often constructed using the genitive particle ''ko'', possibly related to {{lang|och|之}}.'' | |||
===Demonstratives=== | ===Demonstratives=== | ||