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=====Interrogative pronouns===== | =====Interrogative pronouns===== | ||
===== | Interrogative pronouns also decline in a similar manner, this time lacking enclitic forms althogether. | ||
<div style=display:inline-grid> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! style="font-weight:normal;" | | |||
! "who" | |||
! "what" | |||
! "which" | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fó}}<br>''fó'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fat}}<br>''fat'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|feqş}}<br>''feqş'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Accusative | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fön}}<br>''fön'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Genitive | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fós}}<br>''fós'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fās}}<br>''fās'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|feqşes}}<br>''feqşes'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fón}}<br>''fón'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fāy}}<br>''fāy'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|feqşn}}<br>''feqşn'' | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
<div style=display:inline-grid> | |||
* {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fıd}} (fıd, "when") | |||
* {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fon}} (fon, "where from, whence") | |||
* {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|for}} (for, "where to, whither") | |||
* {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fő}} (fő, "how") | |||
</div> | |||
=====Articles and Relative Pronouns===== | |||
Both the definite article {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|i-}} (i-) and the relative pronoun {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hé}} (hé) are doublets, diverging from Middle Jovlish demonstrative and pronoun "þé", which in-turn is ultimately from Old English "[[wikt:se#Old_English|sē, þē]]". As such ,they both decline in very similar ways. | |||
Middle Jovlish "þé" tended to have two pronunciations: an unstressed /ðɛ/ and a stressed /θɛi̯/. Initially, they were used interchangeably, though, over time, the unstressed pronunciation tended to be favored as the article, while the stressed pronunciation tended to be favored as the pronoun. | |||
<div style=display:inline-grid> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ '''Definite article (''the'')''' | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | Singular | |||
! rowspan="2" | Plural | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! Masculine | |||
! Feminine | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative | |||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|i-, it-}}<sup>[1]</sup><br>''i-, it-'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yo-, yot-}}<sup>[1]</sup><br>''yo-, yot-'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Accusative | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Genitive | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|iz-}}<br>''iz-'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ir-}}<br>''ir-'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yor-}}<br>''yor-'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ü-, üt-}}<sup>[1]</sup><br>''ü-, üt-'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|yon-}}<br>''yon-'' | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
<div style=display:inline-grid> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ '''Relative pronouns (''who, whose, which, that'')''' | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | Singular | |||
! rowspan="2" | Plural | |||
|- style="font-weight:bold;" | |||
! Masculine | |||
! Feminine | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Nominative | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hé}}<br>''hé'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hī}}<br>''hī'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hó}}<br>''hó'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Accusative | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Genitive | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|has}}<br>''has'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|har}}<br>''har'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hor}}<br>''hor'' | |||
|- | |||
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Dative | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hü}}<br>''hü'' | |||
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hón}}<br>''hón'' | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
# the forms ending in {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|t}} are used before vowels | |||
====Nouns==== | ====Nouns==== | ||
Jovlish nouns have lost distinct forms for most of the noun cases and currently decline only for two case groupings: '''Direct''' (nominative, accusative) and '''Oblique''' (dative, genitive), themselves being only distinguished in the singular. Nouns are grouped into one of four declensions, regardless of gender: | Jovlish nouns have lost distinct forms for most of the noun cases and currently decline only for two case groupings: '''Direct''' (nominative, accusative) and '''Oblique''' (dative, genitive), themselves being only distinguished in the singular. Nouns are grouped into one of four declensions, regardless of gender: | ||
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|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div style=display:inline-grid> | <div style=display:inline-grid> | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | ||