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Koǧan: Difference between revisions
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=== Traits === | |||
Aragonese has many historical traits in common with Catalan and Aragonese. Some are conservative features that are also shared with the Asturleonese languages and Galician–Portuguese, where Spanish innovated in ways that did not spread to nearby languages. It also has many conservative vocabulary items in common with Sardinian. | |||
* Romance initial ''f-'' is preserved, e.g. ''fīlium'' > ''filjo ('son', Sp. ''hijo'', Cat. ''fill'', Pt. ''filho''). | |||
* ''cl-'', ''fl-'', ''pl-'' are never preserved, becoming ''zj-'', ''sj-'', ''br-''. | |||
* Romance palatal approximant (''ge-'', ''gi-'', ''i-'') consistently became medieval [ʒ], unlikely medieval Catalan and Portuguese. | |||
* Romance groups ''-lt-'', ''-ct-'' result in [jt], e.g. ''factum'' > ''fèjto'' ('done', Sp. ''hecho'', Cat. ''fet'', Gal./Port. ''feito''), ''multum'' > ''mwito'' ('many, much', Sp. ''mucho'', Cat. ''molt'', Gal. ''moito'', Port. ''muito''). | |||
* Romance groups ''-x-'', ''-ps-'', ''scj-'' result in voiceless palatal fricative '''sj'' [ʃ], e.g. ''coxu'' > ''cosjo'' ('crippled', Sp. cojo, Cat. coix), ''ipse'' > ''èsje'', ''scientia'' > ''esjentsja''. | |||
* Romance groups ''-lj-'', ''-c'l-'', ''-t'l-'' result in palatal lateral ''lj'' [ʎ], e.g. ''muliere'' > ''muljer'' ('woman', Sp. ''mujer'', Cat. ''muller''), ''acuc'la'' > ''agulja'' ('needle', Sp. ''aguja'', Cat. ''agulla''). | |||
* Open ''o'', ''e'' from Romance result systematically in diphthongs [we], [je], e.g. ''vet'la'' > ''vièlja'' ('old woman', Sp. ''vieja'', Cat. ''vella'', Pt. ''velha''). This includes before a palatal approximant, e.g. ''octō'' > ''wèjto'' ('eight', Sp. ''ocho'', Cat. ''vuit'', Pt. ''oito''). Spanish diphthongizes except before yod, whereas Catalan only diphthongizes before yod. | |||
* Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ lenited to approximants [β, ð, ɣ]. This continues through the present, so it is sometimes written, sometimes not. | |||
* Loss of neither final unstressed ''-e'' nor ''-o'', e.g. ''grande'' > ''grande'' ('big'), ''factum'' > ''fèjto'' ('done'). Catalan loses both ''-e'' and ''-o'' (Cat. ''gran'', ''fet''); Spanish preserves ''-o'' and sometimes ''-e'' (Sp. ''hecho'', ''gran ~ grande''). Aragonese loses ''-e'' but not ''-o''. | |||
* Unlike Spanish and Aragonese, voiced sibilants do not become voiceless. | |||
* The palatal /j/ is often realized as a fricative [ʝ]. | |||
* Latin ''-b-'' became ''-v-'' in past imperfect endings of verbs of the second and third conjugations: ''teneva'', ''teniva'' ('he had', Sp. ''tenía'', Cat. ''tenia''), ''dormiva'' ('he was sleeping', Sp. ''dormía'', Cat. ''dormia''). | |||
* Voicing of many intervocalic stop consonants, e.g. ''cletam'' > ''zjeda'' ('sheep hurdle', Cat. ''cleda'', Fr. ''claie''), ''cuculliatam'' > ''coguljada'' ('crested lark', Sp. ''cogujada'', Cat. ''cogullada''). | |||
* Latin geminate ''-ll-'' became [ʎ]. | |||
* Initial [r] is trilled. | |||
== Nouns == | == Nouns == | ||