Koǧan: Difference between revisions

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== Historical Background of Caudia ==

=== I. Late Roman and Early Post-Roman Period ===

* Syntax exhibited conservatism in verbal periphrases and pronoun usage, possibly influenced by scriptural Hebrew and ecclesiastical Latin.

=== II. Islamic Period: Integration into al-Andalus ===

In the early 8th century CE, Caudia was absorbed into the expanding Umayyad Caliphate, and subsequently became an overseas dependency of the Emirate, later Caliphate, of Córdoba. Owing to its small size and strategic position, Caudia functioned less as a military outpost and more as an intellectual and mercantile enclave. Its ports hosted traders, translators, and jurists; its inland monasteries and zawiyas (زوايا) became centers of scholarship and religious dialogue.

The impact on the language was profound:

* Arabic loanwords entered in significant numbers, particularly in domains such as philosophy, jurisprudence, medicine, agriculture, architecture, and administration.

* Unlike Iberian Romance languages, Arabic borrowings were typically adopted without the definite article al-, a sign of the Caudians’ familiarity with Arabic morphology and semantics. Thus, mufada (pillow) rather than almufada, or zawija (monastery) rather than alzawija.

* The variety of Arabic spoken on the island was closer to Classical Arabic (fuṣḥā) than to Maghrebi vernaculars, further differentiating Caudian Arabic from that of the Iberian Peninsula.

=== III. Post-Andalusian Period: Semi-Autonomous Continuity ===

The island's relationship to the Christian Reconquista was anomalous. While Caudia formally came under the suzerainty of various Christian polities (at various times Pisa, Aragon, or Genoa), it was rarely subjected to direct ecclesiastical or military control. As such, Caudia remained culturally hybrid, and retained both Arabic and Hebrew institutions long after their suppression on the mainland.

The linguistic consequences included:

=== IV. Linguistic Summary ===

* Proto-Romance provides the grammatical skeleton.

* Classical Latin and Koine Greek supply archaisms and syntactic conservatism.

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! Nasal

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! Stop (voiceless)

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! Stop (voiced)

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! Fricative (voiceless)

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! Fricative (voiced)

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! Affricate  

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! Affricate

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! Lateral approximant

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! Approximant  

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! Trill

Aragonese has many historical traits in common with Catalan and Aragonese. Some are conservative features that are also shared with the Asturleonese languages and Galician–Portuguese, where Spanish innovated in ways that did not spread to nearby languages.  It also has many conservative vocabulary items in common with Sardinian.

* Romance palatal approximant (''ge-'', ''gi-'', ''i-'') consistently became medieval [ʒ], unlikely medieval Catalan and Portuguese.

* Romance groups ''-lt-'', ''-ct-'' result in [jt], e.g. ''factum'' > ''fèjto'' ('done', Sp. ''hecho'', Cat. ''fet'', Gal./Port. ''feito''), ''multum'' > ''mwito'' ('many, much', Sp. ''mucho'', Cat. ''molt'', Gal. ''moito'', Port. ''muito'').

* Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ lenited to approximants [β, ð, ɣ].  This continues through the present, so it is sometimes written, sometimes not.

* Loss of neither final unstressed ''-e'' nor ''-o'', e.g. ''grande'' > ''grande'' ('big'), ''factum'' > ''fèjto'' ('done'). Catalan loses both ''-e'' and ''-o'' (Cat. ''gran'', ''fet''); Spanish preserves ''-o'' and sometimes ''-e'' (Sp. ''hecho'', ''gran ~ grande'').  Aragonese loses ''-e'' but not ''-o''.

| Masculine      || -ò, -e    || librò, kwò  || Default for most Latin-derived nouns       

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| Ambiguous/loan || -consonant || saxan, xiber, kativ  || Gender marked only via articles/clitics   

| Consonant || -es || saxan || saxanes || Insert epenthetic -e- for ease of pronunciation

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| Masculine || al || als || Arabic ''al-'' + Romance plural ''-s''

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! rowspan="4" | Singular !! 1 !! -

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! 2 !! Informal

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! 3f !! -

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! rowspan="3" | Plural !! 1 !! -

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! 2 !! Informal

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! 3 !! -

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! Both !! 2 !! Formal

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Two clitics both attaching to a verb is possible.  If there are two, dative always precedes accusative.

* -òr class -> mediopassive, from -or, e.g. moròr 'to die', lavòr 'to bathe (oneself)'

-èr is -o, and then all e's instead of a's.

-ir is -o, and then all i's instead of a's.

| 1pl || kantam || kantèvam || kantam || kantarèm || avjam kantar

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| 3pl || kantan || kantèvan || kantàron || kantaràn || avjan kantar

| 1pl || kantjem || kantèsem || volriam kantar

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| 3pl || kantjen || kantèsen || volrian kantar

* 2sg: kanta!

* 3sg: kantje!

* 3pl: kantan! (or kantjen!

* Negative forms use subjunctive:

** non kantjes

** non kantje

** non kantjen

== Vocab ==

* nojta - night

* bruvia - rain

* kwo - which

* i/j' - and

=== More Arabic ===

; kadi : major, from القاضي

; mufada : pillow, from المخدة

; zejtona : olive, from الزيتون

; zawija : monastery, from زاوية

; sekwa : irrigation ditch, from سَاقِيَة

; kazar : castle, from اَلْقَصْر

; safanòria : carrot, from *سَفُنَّارْيَة

; kativ : scribe, from كاتب (Heb)

; xiber : ink, from حبر

; mira : mirror, from مرآة

; diwan : court, from ديوان

== Sound Changes ==

Vowels

Palatalization

* lt -> jt

Lenition

* V[ptk]V -> V[bdg]V  

* medial kw -> xw

* pl -> br

* kr stays

* sp -> esp

* st -> est

rhotic

* initial r -> rr

Late

== Passages ==

=== North Wind ===

=== Rerum Novarum ===

| Italian || Salute e Benedizione Apostolica.  Una volta suscitata la brama di cose nuove, che da tempo turba la società, era quasi inevitabile che gli animi degli uomini si volgessero a nuove idee: ne è derivato che, da una parte, coloro che possedevano ricchezze le rivendicassero come un loro diritto, non soggetto in nulla alla legge divina o umana; dall’altra, che i lavoratori, oppressi dalla miseria e da una condizione più dura, cercassero unicamente di liberarsi completamente da tale servitù. Ciò li ha spinti, anche contro la loro volontà, ad abbracciare quelle opinioni e quei progetti che vengono comunemente chiamati socialismo; poiché è più facile persuadere le loro menti che tali ricchezze, accumulate con iniquità e ingiustizia, possano essere distribuite in comune, così da giovare, secondo la loro parte, a coloro che nulla possiedono.  Ma tutte queste proposte dei socialisti, benché a prima vista sembrino allettanti, non dimostrano altro che ragionamenti falsi e inefficaci per il fine che si propongono; anzi, tali rimedi sono di gran lunga peggiori dei mali che pretendono di sanare.

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