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TolsianR (view source)

Revision as of 17:58, 16 May 2025

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→‎Conjugation
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The following tables illustrate the underlying conjugation paradigms :
The following tables illustrate the underlying conjugation paradigms :
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Historical conjugation paradigm, Class A
|-
|-
!  
!  
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Historical conjugation paradigm, Class B
|-
|-
!  
!  
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|}
|}


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Modern conjugation paradigm, Class A
|-
!
! colspan="7" | Class A Animate
! colspan="7" | Class A Inanimate
|-
! Person !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic) !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic)
|-
! 1SG
| ''stem''V-∅ || ''stem''-tV || ''stem''-fV || ''stem''-rV || ''stem''-ko || ''stem''-no || ''stem''V-jo || ''stem''-jV || ''stem''-tʃV || ''stem''-fjV || ''stem''-rjV || ''stem''-kjo || ''stem''-jo || ''stem''-joh
|-
! 2SG
| ''stem''V-s || ''stem''-tVs || ''stem''-fVs || ''stem''-rVs || ''stem''-kos  || ''stem''-nos || ''stem''-jos || ''stem''-jVs || ''stem''-tʃVs || ''stem''-fjVs || ''stem''-rjVs || ''stem''-kjos || ''stem''-jos || ''stem''-joθ
|-
! 3SG
| ''stem''V-t || ''stem''-tVt || ''stem''-fVt  || ''stem''-rVt || ''stem''-kot  || ''stem''-not || ''stem''-jot || ''stem''-jVt || ''stem''-tʃVt || ''stem''-fjVt || ''stem''-rjVt || ''stem''-kjot || ''stem''-jot || ''stem''-jot̚
|-
! 1PL
| ''stem''V-m || ''stem''-to || ''stem''-fo || ''stem''-ro || ''stem''-kus || ''stem''-nus || ''stem''-jof || ''stem''-jVm || ''stem''-tʃVmo || ''stem''-fjVmo (-fimo) || ''stem''-rjVmo (-rimo) || ''stem''-kjomys || ''stem''-jomys || ''stem''-joɸ
|-
! 2PL
| ''stem''V-ts || ''stem''-tVts || ''stem''-fVts || ''stem''-rVts || ''stem''-kis || ''stem''-nis || ''stem''-joz || ''stem''-jVts || ''stem''-tʃVts || ''stem''-fjVti (-fiti) || ''stem''-rjVti (-riti) || ''stem''-kjots || ''stem''-jots || ''stem''-joʒ
|-
! 3PL
| ''stem''V-n || ''stem''-tVn || ''stem''-fVn || ''stem''-rVn || ''stem''-ka || ''stem''-na || ''stem''-jon || ''stem''-jVn || ''stem''-tʃVn || ''stem''-fjVn || ''stem''-rjVn || ''stem''-kjona (-ka?) || ''stem''-jona (-ja?) || ''stem''-jowi
|-
! 2FORMAL
| ''stem''V-e || ''stem''-te || ''stem''-fe || ''stem''-re || ''stem''-ke || ''stem''-ne || ''stem''-je || ''stem''-jVjne (-jine) || ''stem''-tʃe || ''stem''-fje || ''stem''-rje || ''stem''-kje || ''stem''-je || ''stem''V-joð ; ''stem''-joː
|}


Note : In the table above, ''stem'' represents the stem of the verb minus its final vowel.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Modern conjugation paradigm, Class B
|-
!
! colspan="7" | Class B Animate
! colspan="7" | Class B Inanimate
|-
! Person !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic) !! Indicative Present !! Indicative Imperfect Past !! Indicative Perfect Past !! Indicative Future !! Subjunctive !! Conditional !! Absolute (Gnomic)
|-
! 1SG
| ''stem''-a || ''stem''-i || ''stem''-iv || ''stem''-ir || ''stem''-ik || ''stem''-o || ''stem''-jo || ''stem''-ja || ''stem''-itʃa || ''stem''-ivja || ''stem''-irja || ''stem''-ikjo || ''stem''-jo || ''stem''-joh
|-
! 2SG
| ''stem''-as || ''stem''-its || ''stem''-ifs || ''stem''-irz || ''stem''-iks  || ''stem''-os || ''stem''-jos || ''stem''-jas || ''stem''-itʃas || ''stem''-ivjas || ''stem''-irjas || ''stem''-ikjos || ''stem''-jos || ''stem''-joθ
|-
! 3SG
| ''stem''-at || ''stem''-it || ''stem''-ift  || ''stem''-ixt || ''stem''-ikt  || ''stem''-ot || ''stem''-jot || ''stem''-jat || ''stem''-itʃat || ''stem''-ivjat || ''stem''-irjat || ''stem''-ikjot || ''stem''-jot || ''stem''-jot̚
|-
! 1PL
| ''stem''-im || ''stem''-itʃmo || ''stem''-ivmo || ''stem''-irmo || ''stem''-ikus || ''stem''-us || ''stem''-jof || ''stem''-jim || ''stem''-itʃmo || ''stem''-ivimo || ''stem''-irimo || ''stem''-ikjomys || ''stem''-jomys || ''stem''-joɸ
|-
! 2PL
| ''stem''-its || ''stem''-itʃi || ''stem''-ifi || ''stem''-iri || ''stem''-iki || ''stem''-i || ''stem''-joz || ''stem''-jits || ''stem''-itʃi || ''stem''-ivits || ''stem''-irits || ''stem''-ikjotis || ''stem''-jotis || ''stem''-joʒ
|-
! 3PL
| ''stem''-an || ''stem''-in || ''stem''-ivna || ''stem''-irna || ''stem''-ikna || ''stem''-ona || ''stem''-jon || ''stem''-jan || ''stem''-itʃan || ''stem''-ivjan || ''stem''-irjan || ''stem''-ikjona || ''stem''-jona || ''stem''-jowi
|-
! 2FORMAL
| ''stem''-ine  || ''stem''-itʃne || ''stem''-ivne || ''stem''-irne || ''stem''-ike || ''stem''-e || ''stem''-je || ''stem''-jine  || ''stem''-itʃe || ''stem''-ivje || ''stem''-irje || ''stem''-ikje || ''stem''-je || ''stem''-joð ; ''stem''-joː
|}
<!-- In this table, the endings correspond, respectively, to 1SG, 2SG, 3SG, 1PL, 2PL, 3PL, and 2FORMAL persons. "Stem" represents the stem of the verb minus its final vowel, as the diverse verbal categories markers can be inserted between the final vowel and the rest of the verb root. The final vowel is represented by the letter "V". The verbal declensions are given in phonological form ; indeed, orthography is not entirely transparent here, which can be most appreciated with the [tʃ] of the inanimate imperfect past which results from affrication of /t/ before /j/. The "(i)" is an epenthetic i sometimes inserted to break some consonant clusters (rules not perfectly described yet). Let's illustrate this table with a Class A verb, ''barinir'', "to want" :
<!-- In this table, the endings correspond, respectively, to 1SG, 2SG, 3SG, 1PL, 2PL, 3PL, and 2FORMAL persons. "Stem" represents the stem of the verb minus its final vowel, as the diverse verbal categories markers can be inserted between the final vowel and the rest of the verb root. The final vowel is represented by the letter "V". The verbal declensions are given in phonological form ; indeed, orthography is not entirely transparent here, which can be most appreciated with the [tʃ] of the inanimate imperfect past which results from affrication of /t/ before /j/. The "(i)" is an epenthetic i sometimes inserted to break some consonant clusters (rules not perfectly described yet). Let's illustrate this table with a Class A verb, ''barinir'', "to want" :


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|-
|-
! 1SG  
! 1SG  
| veki͠a / vekya || vekiti͠a / vekitya || vekifi͠a / vekifya || vekiri͠a / vekirya || vekiki͠o / vekikyo || veki͠o / vekyo || veky / vekyo
| veki͠a / vekya || vekiti͠a → vekitqa / vekitsha || vekifi͠a → vekivi͠a / vekivya || vekiri͠a / vekirya || vekiki͠o / vekikyo || veki͠o / vekyo || veky / vekyo
|-
|-
! 2SG  
! 2SG  
| veki͠ac / vekyas|| vekiti͠ac / vektyas || vekifi͠ac / vekifyas || vekiri͠ac / vekiryas || vekiki͠oc / vekikyos || veki͠oc / vekyos || vekys / vekyoc  
| veki͠ac / vekyas|| vekiti͠ac → vekitqac / vekitshas || vekifi͠ac → vekivi͠ac / vekivyas || vekiri͠ac / vekiryas || vekiki͠oc / vekikyos || veki͠oc / vekyos || vekys / vekyoc  
|-
|-
! 3SG  
! 3SG  
| veki͠at / vekyat || vekiti͠at / vekityat || vekifi͠at / vekifyat || vekiri͠at / vekiryat || vekiki͠ot / vekikyot || veki͠ot / vekyot || vekyŧ / vekyoth or vekyott
| veki͠at / vekyat || vekiti͠at → vekitqat / vekitshat || vekifi͠at → vekivi͠at / vekivyat || vekiri͠at / vekiryat || vekiki͠ot / vekikyot || veki͠ot / vekyot || vekyŧ / vekyoth or vekyott
|-
|-
! 1PL  
! 1PL  
| veki͠im / vekyim || vekiti͠imo / vekityimo || vekifi͠imo / vekifyimo || vekiri͠imo / vekiryimo || vekiki͠omuc / vekikyomüs || veki͠omuc / vekyomüs || vekyƥ / vekyofh
| veki͠im / vekyim || vekiti͠imo → vekitqmo / vekitshmo|| vekifi͠imo → vekivi͠imo → vekivimo || vekiri͠imo → vekirimo || vekiki͠omuc / vekikyomüs || veki͠omuc / vekyomüs || vekyƥ / vekyofh
|-
|-
! 2PL  
! 2PL  
| veki͠iti / vekyiti || vekiti͠iti / vekityiti || vekifi͠iti / vekifyiti || vekiri͠iti / vekiryiti || vekiki͠otic / vekikyotis || veki͠otic / vekyotis || vekyƶ̆ / vekyozh
| veki͠iti → veki͠itc / vekyits || vekiti͠iti → vekitqi / vekitshi || vekifi͠iti → vekivi͠itc → vekivits / vekivits || vekiri͠iti → vekiri͠itc → vekiritc / vekirits || vekiki͠otic / vekikyotis || veki͠otic / vekyotis || vekyƶ̆ / vekyozh
|-
|-
! 3PL  
! 3PL  
| veki͠an/ vekyan || vekiti͠an / vekityan || vekifi͠an / vekifyan || vekiri͠an / vekiryan || vekiki͠ona / vekikyona || veki͠ona / vekyona || vekyƿ / vekyowi
| veki͠an/ vekyan || vekiti͠an → vekitqan / vekitshan || vekifi͠an → vekivi͠an / vekivyan || vekiri͠an / vekiryan || vekiki͠ona / vekikyona || veki͠ona / vekyona || vekyƿ / vekyowi
|-
|-
! 2FORMAL  
! 2FORMAL  
| veki͠ine / vekyine || vekiti͠e  / vekitye || vekifi͠e / vekifye || vekiri͠e / vekirye || vekiki͠e / vekikye || veki͠e / vekye || vekyƶ, vekyœ / vekyodh, vekyoo
| veki͠ine / vekyine || vekiti͠e  → vekitqe / vekitshe || vekifi͠e → vekivi͠e / vekivye|| vekiri͠e / vekirye || vekiki͠e / vekikye || veki͠e / vekye || vekyƶ, vekyœ / vekyodh, vekyoo
|}
|}
<!--Let's illustrate this table with the Class B verb ''vekƃ'', "to help" :
<!--Let's illustrate this table with the Class B verb ''vekƃ'', "to help" :
Uvie
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