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Canonic Code (view source)

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==Phonotactics==
==Phonotactics==
==Grammar==


===Colored Inflection===
===Colored Inflection===


Affixes are modified according to the Coloration Table and the Triptote Table in order to assign fusional significance to its phonemes. As a result, there are no articles in the language; plus, the canonic conjugation, for lacking the subjunctive and junctive functions or a finite verb, and the presence of non-finite forms, is relegated as a class of enunciative constructions often associated with literary practices (i.e. canonic verbs appear in narration solely, or when an event is being described without biases, as in ''murus askút, quat'' "he said 'I think that he is dead'").
Affixes are modified according to the Coloration Table and the Triptote Table in order to assign fusional significance to its phonemes. As a result, there are no articles in the language; plus, the canonic conjugation, for lacking the subjunctive and junctive functions or a finite verb, and the presence of non-finite forms, is relegated as a class of enunciative constructions often associated with literary practices (i.e. canonic verbs appear in narration solely, or when an event is being described without biases, as in ''aru saíkatan, quac'' "he said 'I am a philosopher'").
 
..
 
 
 
*Canonic allophones of voiced  consonants in marginal position are devoiced.
 
 
qual /kʷol/ "he/she speaks", qua’-i /kʷo?i/ "she speaks", quar-u /kʷoru/ "he speaks"
 
 
rmd "fasting" > rūāh /tʷoːh/ "you fast" [equivalent to armíd "you fast"]
quan /kʷon/, quah /kʷoh/, qual /kʷol/  "I speak", ...
māamu /pʷaːmu/ instead of *māap /pʷaːp/
gdaíhara idzáh āgrdá daius ādū "in the beginning God created heaven and earth"
"I love slaves"
spartakus âra amālú / fardaquda māamu
fardaqu > *fardaquda > farquda
 
 


====Declension====
====Declension====
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| -h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ay{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -aw{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āy{{ref|A|A}}, -ēia{{ref|B|B}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āw{{ref|A|A}}, -ōua{{ref|B|B}} || -r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
| -h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}|| -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}} || -r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -zi{{ref|1|1}}, -qu{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -vi{{ref|1|1}}, -mu{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'i{{ref|1|1}}, -ru{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}|| -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
|-
|-
! Copulative
! Copulative
| a-X-h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ay-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}}, ēi-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}}, ōu-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
| a-X-h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ay-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
|-
|-
! Ergative
! Ergative
| a-X-s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-z{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-'{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
| a-X-k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-s{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-h{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-l{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-g{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-q{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ga{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-b{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-m{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-va{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ba{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-d{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-r{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-da{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| a-X-k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-s{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-h{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-l{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-g{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-q{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ga{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-b{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-m{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-va{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ba{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-d{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-r{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-da{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
| a-X-s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-z{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-'{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
|-
|-
|}
|}


{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.
{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem.


====Conjugation====
====Conjugation====
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|-
|-
! Active Present
! Active Present
| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
 
| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
|-
! Active Past
! Active Past
| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
|-
|-
! Passive Future
! Passive Future
Line 79: Line 102:
|-
|-
! Passive Present
! Passive Present
| s-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || f-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || c-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || z-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || v-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, va-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || '-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
 
| k-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, s-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, h-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || p-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, n-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, f-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || t-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, l-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || g-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, q-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ga-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || b-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, m-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, va-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ba-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || d-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, r-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, da-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
|-
|-
! Passive Past
! Passive Past
| k-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, s-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, h-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || p-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, n-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, f-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || t-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, l-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || g-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, q-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ga-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || b-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, m-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, va-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ba-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || d-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, r-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, da-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
 
| s-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || f-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || c-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || z-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || v-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, va-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || '-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 88: Line 113:
{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.
{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.


The Canonic Declension distinguishes itself from the Canonic Conjugation merely by inverting the inclusion of ''-a-''. Compare the pair ''zīs'' "to the giant" / ''azīs'' "the giant's" with ''kāuf'' "I kill" / ''iāpa'' "I am killed".
The Canonic Declension distinguishes itself from the Canonic Conjugation merely by inverting the inclusion of ''-a-''. Compare the pair ''zīs'' "to the giant" / ''azīs'' "the giant's" with ''kāun'' "I kill" / ''iāba'' "I am killed".
 
==X==
 
''tla'', but not ''tra'', ''dla'', or ''dra''
 
''tlu'' becomes ''tlau''
 
 
''alt'', but not  ''art'', ''ald'', or ''ard''
 
alk > aik
 
alp /aup/
 


==Syntax==


==X==
saíkat /sēgak/
siktâ /siggâ/




===Sound Changes===
khighihk


*marginal consonants are devoiced, intermediary voiced
pnubmunp
*a root must contain three consonsonants from distinct groups


skt > sua- (spt)
tladralt
k'p > kāu-
 
saíkat > saípat > sēba-
===Sound Changes===




table...
diphthongs to monophthongs
iu > y, ui > ȳ
ia > e, ai > ē
ua > o, au > ō


triphthongs to diphthongs
ui-u > ȳu, iu-u > yu, u-ui > uȳ, u-iu > uy
ia-u > eu, ai-u > ēu, u-ia > ue, u-ai > uē
ua-i > oi, au-i > ōi, i-ua > io, i-au > iō


in case of incompatibility, the repeated vowel is lost (EX: ia-i > e, and not ei); also, when a long dipthong is reduced, a central vowel is added (EX: āi > ēa).




Line 127: Line 155:
! |U-type
! |U-type
! |A-type
! |A-type
|-
!K-type
| k / g
| p / b
| t / d
|-
|-
!H-type
!H-type
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| h / ɦ
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| n̥ / m
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| l̥ / r
|-
|-
!S-type
!S-type
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| s / z
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| f / v
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| t͡s / ʔ
|-
!K-type
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
|}
|}


Line 150: Line 178:
{{Phonorule|{V// <low>}|{V// nasal // <low>}|{V// nasal // <glottalized>}C<sub>0</sub>_}}
{{Phonorule|{V// <low>}|{V// nasal // <low>}|{V// nasal // <glottalized>}C<sub>0</sub>_}}


{{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}




Line 167: Line 197:


V=yaeiouȳāēīōū
V=yaeiouȳāēīōū
Y=yaeiou
V̆=yaeiou
Ȳ=ȳāēīōū
V̄=ȳāēīōū
J=ieīē
J=ieīē
W=uoūō
W=uoūō
R=yaȳā
Y=yaȳā
C=kpthnlsfcgbdqmrzv'
C=kpthnlsfcgbdqmrzv'
-=kpthnlsfc
C̥=kpthnlsfc
+=gbdqmrzv'
C̬=gbdqmrzv'
K=kgpbtd
K=kgpbtd
S=szfvc'
S=szfvc'
H=hqnmlr
H=hqnmlr
Q=123456
Q=123456
1=kghqsz
I=kghqsz
2=pbnmfv
U=pbnmfv
3=tdlrc'
A=tdlrc'
I=khs
Ĭ=khs
Ī=gqz
Ī=gqz
U=pnf
Ŭ=pnf
Ū=bmv
Ū=bmv
A=tlc
Ă=tlc
Ā=dr'
Ā=dr'


Line 237: Line 267:




: ''asakata'' > ''*_sakata'' > ''*sa_ta'' > ''*'''s'''ata'' > ''*a'''t'''a'' > ''ada''


: ''asakasta'' > ''*_sakasta'' > ''*sakast_'' > ''*'''s'''akast'' > ''*akas'''t''''' > ''*aka'''s''''' > ''*a'''k'''a'' > ''aga''
====Nullification====


: ''asakastar'' > ''*_sakastar'' > ''*'''s'''akastar'' > ''*a'''k'''astar'' > ''*agasta'''r''''' > ''agasta''
=====(∅⇒∅/∅)=====


Idiosyncratic sound change.


gīg
=====(∅⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====
bībl
kun
saikat
daitas
būl
agalala
datasiu
avāla
>
zī
ī
hu
sēza
ē'a
mū
galba
dazy
ālba


stemic harmony in canonic:
E.g. ''k'' /k/


sikūtí (-s-k-t-) >  siqūl- (-s-k-l-) *third member harmonized
=====(∅⇒∅/VOWEL)=====


(-k-p-g-) > (-k-n-z-) *second and third members harmonized
E.g. ''a'' /a/


=====(∅⇒∅/TONE)=====


E.g. ''á'' /áː/


vocalic change
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/∅)=====


ka > ho, ky > hu
E.g. ''atl'' /al/


pa > fe, py > fi
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====


====Alternation====
E.g. ''argda'' /arda/


'''Accrescence''' (...): type-1 consonants extend to ...
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/VOWEL)=====


'''Excrescence''' (''{{Phonorule|H|Q|V_R}}''): type-2 consonants extend to ''i'', ''u'', ''nd'', ''mb'', ''lb'', and ''rd'' respectively when intervovalic as onset to A-vowels.
E.g. ''aūk'' /auː/


'''Decrescence''' (''{{Phonorule|Z|∅|[#]_[#]/[G]_[G]}}''): type-3 consonants disappear when marginal, except when in contact with their respective dominant vowel.
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/TONE)=====
 
E.g. ''lmá'' /má/
 
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/∅)=====
 
E.g. ''dagauna'' /dagaun/
 
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====
 
E.g. ''aizza'' /azza/
 
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/VOWEL)=====
 
E.g. ''aiu'' /au/
 
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/TONE)=====
 
E.g. ''aíu'' /ái/ "you"
 
=====(TONE⇒∅/∅)=====
 
E.g. ''á'' /a/
 
=====(TONE⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====
 
E.g. ''árda'' /arda/
 
=====(TONE⇒∅/VOWEL)=====
 
E.g. ''taó'' /tau/
 
=====(TONE⇒∅/TONE)=====
 
E.g. ''áós'' /aós/ "you"
 
====Consonantization====
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (0>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (0>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (0>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (0>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====Voicing (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/0)=====
 
Final consonants are devoiced — e.g. ''ad'' /at/ —; medial ones are voiced — e.g. ata /ada/.
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (TONE>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (TONE>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (TONE>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
 
=====Compensatory Lengthening (TONE>CONSONANT/TONE)=====
 
E.g. āra /arda/, āda /adda/, ā’a /aʔʔa/
 
 
(''{{Phonorule|H|Q|V_R}}''): type-2 consonants extend to ''i'', ''u'', ''nd'', ''mb'', ''lb'', and ''rd'' respectively when intervovalic as onset to A-vowels.
 
 
====Vocalization====
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (0>VOWEL/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (0>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (0>VOWEL/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (0>VOWEL/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>VOWEL/TONE)
 
=====Phthongization (VOWEL>VOWEL/0)=====
 
Monophthongization happens during closed syllables — e.g. ''vaíds'' /véːt͡s/ —, and diphthongization in open syllables compare — e.g. ''tō'' /tau̯/.
 
diphthongs to monophthongs
iu > y, ui > ȳ
ia > e, ai > ē
ua > o, au > ō
 
triphthongs to diphthongs
ui-u > ȳu, iu-u > yu, u-ui > uȳ, u-iu > uy
ia-u > eu, ai-u > ēu, u-ia > ue, u-ai > uē
ua-i > oi, au-i > ōi, i-ua > io, i-au > iō
 
in case of incompatibility, the repeated vowel is lost (EX: ia-i > e, and not ei); also, when a long dipthong is reduced, a central vowel is added (EX: āi > ēa).
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>VOWEL/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (TONE>VOWEL/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (TONE>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (TONE>VOWEL/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (TONE>VOWEL/TONE)
 
====Tonization====
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (0>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (0>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (0>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (0>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (TONE>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (TONE>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (TONE>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (TONE>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
 
 
 
 
 
E.g. ''amba'' /ˈau̯ba/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/VOWEL)
 
E.g. ''au'' /oː/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/0)
 
 
 
 
*aud, alb > alb, amb > *aub
 
====Decrescence=====
(''{{Phonorule|Z|∅|[#]_[#]/[G]_[G]}}''): type-3 consonants disappear when marginal, except when in contact with their respective dominant vowel.


====Elision====
====Elision====


Apocape (1): in a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks an onset or a long vowel.
====Apocape====
 
In a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks an onset or a long vowel. [...] unstressed short high vowels are erased next to sonorants and sibilants (suphí > sphí), (bilí > blí)
 
====Syncope====
 
In a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost if it is not closed by a coda or possesses a long vowel.
 
====Aphaeresis====
 
In a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks a coda or a long vowel.
 
====Dissimilation====


Syncope (2): in a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost if it is not closed by a coda or possesses a long vowel.
*swébʰ(i)ey > *sébʰey (bilabial sound expels bilabial sound)


Aphaeresis (3): in a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks a coda or a long vowel.
 
 
non-tonic vowels become high (begí > bigí)


====Epenthesis====
====Epenthesis====


Prothesis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added.
====Prothesis====
 
In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added.
EX: ...
EX: ...


Anaptyxis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added.
 
In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added.
EX: 'atlya > adalyal
EX: 'atlya > adalyal


Paragoge: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant).
====Paragoge====
 
In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant).
EX: palk > palsil
EX: palk > palsil


Line 309: Line 608:
(used in special cases of other laws)
(used in special cases of other laws)


Haplology:
====Haplology====
 
dadasa > dasa
dadasa > dasa


Compensatory lengthening
====Compensatory lengthening====
 
bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl
bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl
gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla
gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla


Metathesis: glides only where the stress is
====Metathesis====
 
glides only where the stress is
garda, gráda, gadrá
garda, gráda, gadrá


adtís > addís
adtís > addís


Final devoicing (''{{Phonorule|-sonorant|-voice|_#}}'')
====Initial/Final/Intervocalic (de)voicing====
 
Initial voicing
 


(''{{Phonorule|-sonorant|-voice|_#}}'')


{{Phonorule|a|y|_{iu}}}
{{Phonorule|a|y|_{iu}}}
Line 332: Line 633:
dad > dat
dad > dat


Intervocalic voicing
ata > ada
ata > ada


Line 406: Line 706:
superheavy (μ<sub>3</sub>)
superheavy (μ<sub>3</sub>)


A line of 36 morae ranges from 12 superheavy syllables up to 36 light syllables [...]
A line of 36 morae ranges from 12 superheavy syllables, 24 heavy syllables, up to 36 light syllables [...]


====Caesura====
====Caesura====
Veno
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