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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The standard [Standard A] Nurian consonant inventory contains around 42 consonants and 12 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic palatalization in hard-soft pairs, similar to Lithuanian; however, the Fiuschērian dialect or accent is an exception in that the hard-soft distinction is realized as pharyngealization versus lack of pharygealization. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels. | The standard [Standard A] Nurian consonant inventory contains around 42 consonants and 12 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic palatalization in hard-soft pairs, similar to Lithuanian; however, the Fiuschērian dialect or accent is an exception in that the hard-soft distinction is realized as pharyngealization versus lack of pharygealization. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels. | ||
=== | ===Dagȳne accent=== | ||
====Consonants==== | ====Consonants==== | ||
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{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Nurian | |+'''Consonant phonemes in Nurian (Dagȳne)''' | ||
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | !rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | ||
!colspan="2" | Labial | !colspan="2" | Labial | ||
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*Unstressed rhotic vowels have a tendency to reduce in colloquial speech: /ʲe˞ ʲæ˞/ > [ʲɚ], /ˠɑ˞ ˠe˞/ > [ˠɚ], /ɔ˞ ʊ˞/ > [o˞]. | *Unstressed rhotic vowels have a tendency to reduce in colloquial speech: /ʲe˞ ʲæ˞/ > [ʲɚ], /ˠɑ˞ ˠe˞/ > [ˠɚ], /ɔ˞ ʊ˞/ > [o˞]. | ||
===Fiuschēra=== | |||
Fiuschēra [fuʃˈʃæːrˁɑ] accent (Arabic-esque) | |||
*Hard consonants > pharyngealized; soft consonants > plain | |||
*''o'' and ''ō'' are centralized | |||
*θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ | |||
*Non-rhotic | |||
====Consonants==== | ====Consonants==== | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|+'''Consonant phonemes in | |+'''Consonant phonemes in Fiuschēra Nurian''' | ||
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | !rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | ||
!colspan="2" | Labial | !colspan="2" | Labial | ||
! | !colspan="2" | Dental | ||
! | !colspan="2" | Alveolar | ||
!rowspan="2" | Palatal | !rowspan="2" | Palatal | ||
!rowspan="2" | | !rowspan="2" | Postvelar | ||
!rowspan="2" | Radical | !rowspan="2" | Radical | ||
!rowspan="2" | Glottal | !rowspan="2" | Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
! <small>soft</small> | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
! <small>soft</small> | |||
! <small>hard</small> | ! <small>hard</small> | ||
! <small>soft</small> | ! <small>soft</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"| Nasal | !colspan="2"| Nasal | ||
| / | | /mˁ/ || /m/ | ||
| | | /nˁ/ || | ||
| || /n/ | |||
| /ɲ/ | | /ɲ/ | ||
| / | | /ŋ̠/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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!rowspan="2" | Stop | !rowspan="2" | Stop | ||
!<small>tenuis</small> | !<small>tenuis</small> | ||
| / | | /pˁ/ || /p/ | ||
| / | | /tˁ/ || | ||
| | | || /t/ | ||
| / | | /tʃ/ | ||
| / | | /k̠/ | ||
| / | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| / | | /bˁ/ || /b/ | ||
| / | | /dˁ/ || | ||
| | | || /d/ | ||
| / | | /dʒ/ | ||
| / | | /ɡ̄/ | ||
| /ɡ/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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!rowspan="2"|Fricative | !rowspan="2"|Fricative | ||
!<small>voiceless</small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| / | | /fˁ/ || /f/ | ||
| /θ/ | | || /θ/ | ||
| / | | /sˁ/ || /s/ | ||
| / | | /ʃ/ | ||
| / | | /x~χ/ | ||
| /x/ | |||
| /ħ/ | | /ħ/ | ||
| /h/ | | /h/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| / | | /vˁ/ || | ||
| /ð/ | | || /ð/ | ||
| / | | /zˁ/ || /z/ | ||
| / | | /ʒ/ | ||
| / | | /ɣ~ʁ/ | ||
| /ɣ/ | |||
| /ʕ/ | | /ʕ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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!colspan=2| Trill | !colspan=2| Trill | ||
| || | | || | ||
| | | || | ||
| /r/ | | /rˁ/ || /r/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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!rowspan=2| Approximant | !rowspan=2| Approximant | ||
!<small>central</small> | !<small>central</small> | ||
| /wˁ/ || /w/ | |||
| || | |||
| || | | || | ||
| /j/ | |||
| /j/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>lateral</small> | !<small>lateral</small> | ||
| || | | || | ||
| | | || | ||
| | | || l | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Nurian | |+ '''Vowel phonemes in Fiuschēran Nurian''' | ||
! rowspan="2" style=""| | ! rowspan="2" style=""| | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="2" style="" |Front | ||
! colspan="2" style="" |Central | ! colspan="2" style="" |Central | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="2" style="" |Back | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close | ! style="" |Close | ||
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/ | | /ɪ~ɪ̞/ | ||
| /iː/ | | /iː/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| /ʊ/ | | /ʊ/ | ||
| /uː/ | | /uː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Mid | ! style="" |Mid | ||
|rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ] | |rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | /ə/ | ||
| /ɵː/ | |||
| / | | [ɤ] | ||
| | | [oː] | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open | ! style="" |Open | ||
| [æː] | | [æː] | ||
| /a/ | |||
| / | |||
| /aː/ | | /aː/ | ||
| | | [ɑ] | ||
| [ɑː] | | [ɑː] | ||
|} | |} | ||
/ɐɪ ɐʊ iə~iɛ iɚ uɚ ɛɚ ɔɚ ɑɚ/ = /ɐj ɐw iə iə uə ɛə~æə əː ɑə/ | |||
===Accent 2=== | |||
Mandarin pseudo-gib | |||
*ci gi chi ghi = [tʂ dʐ ʂ ʐ] | |||
*sci = [ʂtʂ] | |||
*ti di si zi = [tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ] | |||
*thi dhi = [ts dz] | |||
*ni ngi > [ɲ] | |||
*li > [ʎ] | |||
*ri > [ʐ] | |||
====Consonants==== | ====Consonants==== | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|+'''Consonant phonemes in | |+'''Consonant phonemes in Standard Nurian [Accent 2]''' | ||
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | !rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | ||
!colspan="2" | Labial | !colspan="2" | Labial | ||
! | !rowspan="2" | Dental | ||
! | !rowspan="2" | Alveolar | ||
!rowspan="2" | Retroflex | |||
!rowspan="2" | Palatal | !rowspan="2" | Palatal | ||
!rowspan="2" | | !rowspan="2" | Velar | ||
!rowspan="2" | Radical | !rowspan="2" | Radical | ||
!rowspan="2" | Glottal | !rowspan="2" | Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>hard</small> | ! <small>hard</small> | ||
! <small>soft</small> | ! <small>soft</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"| Nasal | !colspan="2"| Nasal | ||
| / | | /m/ || /mʲ/ | ||
| / | |colspan="2"|/n/ | ||
| | | | ||
| /ɲ/ | | /ɲ/ | ||
| / | | /ŋ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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!rowspan="2" | Stop | !rowspan="2" | Stop | ||
!<small>tenuis</small> | !<small>tenuis</small> | ||
| / | | /p/ || /pʲ/ | ||
| / | | /t/ | ||
| /ts/ | |||
| / | | /tʂ/ | ||
| / | | /tɕ/ | ||
| /k/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| / | | /b/ || /bʲ/ | ||
| / | | /d/ | ||
| /dz/ | |||
| / | | /dʐ/ | ||
| /ɡ | | /dʑ/ | ||
| /ɡ/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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!rowspan="2"|Fricative | !rowspan="2"|Fricative | ||
!<small>voiceless</small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| / | | /f/ || /fʲ/ | ||
| /θ/ | |||
| / | | /s/ | ||
| / | | /ʂ/ | ||
| /x | | /ɕ/ | ||
| /x/ | |||
| /ħ/ | | /ħ/ | ||
| /h/ | | /h/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| / | | /v/ || /vʲ/ | ||
| /ð/ | |||
| / | | /z/ | ||
| / | | /ʐ/ | ||
| /ɣ | | /ʑ/ | ||
| /ɣ/ | |||
| /ʕ/ | | /ʕ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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!colspan=2| Trill | !colspan=2| Trill | ||
| || | | || | ||
| | |||
| / | | /r/ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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!rowspan=2| Approximant | !rowspan=2| Approximant | ||
!<small>central</small> | !<small>central</small> | ||
| | | || | ||
| || | | || | ||
| | | | ||
| | | /j/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>lateral</small> | !<small>lateral</small> | ||
| || | | || | ||
| || | | /l/ || | ||
| | | | ||
| | | /ʎ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in | |+ '''Vowel phonemes in Nurian [Accent 2]''' | ||
! rowspan="2" style=""| | ! rowspan="2" style=""| | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="3" style="" |Front | ||
! colspan="2" style="" |Central | ! colspan="2" style="" |Central | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="3" style="" |Back | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | ||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close | ! style="" |Close | ||
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/ | | /ɪ~ɪ̞/ | ||
| /iː/ | | /iː/ | ||
| /i˞ː/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| /ʊ/ | | /ʊ/ | ||
| /uː/ | | /uː/ | ||
|rowspan="2"| /oː˞/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Mid | ! style="" |Mid | ||
|rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ] | |rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | [eː˞] | ||
| / | | [ə] | ||
| | | /ɚː/ | ||
| | | /ɔ/ | ||
| /oː/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open | ! style="" |Open | ||
| [æː] | | [æː] | ||
| / | | | ||
| /ɐ/ | |||
| /aː/ | | /aː/ | ||
| | | | ||
| [ɑː] | | [ɑː] | ||
| [ɒː˞] | |||
|} | |} | ||
/ | Many vowels are centralized after retroflexes: /a aː ɝ i iː ɪɚ/ become [ä äː ɐɚ ɨ ɨː ɘɚ] | ||
===Accent | ===Accent 3=== | ||
Conservative | Conservative | ||
*ci gi chi ghi = [kʲ gʲ xʲ ɣʲ] | *''ci gi chi ghi'' = [kʲ gʲ xʲ ɣʲ] | ||
*sci = [skʲ] | *''sci'' = [skʲ] | ||
*''ȝ ħ'' = [q χ] | |||
===Accent 5=== | ===Accent 5=== |
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