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Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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Reciprocal Voice
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(Reciprocal Voice) |
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- to become scraped, verb-focus | - to become scraped, verb-focus | ||
' | 'kiraypùe /kiʁa;ipɨɦ/ | ||
- to become scraped, noun-focus | - to become scraped, noun-focus | ||
| Line 2,424: | Line 2,424: | ||
yuenpiluoy cháetliqiin sowdla damasùe | yuenpiluoy 'cháetliqiin sowdla damasùe | ||
employee-ERG <SPR>fear-VFCS soldier-ABS scam-NFCS | employee-ERG <SPR>fear-VFCS soldier-ABS scam-NFCS | ||
| Line 2,434: | Line 2,434: | ||
yuenpiluoy cháetliqiin sowdlan damasùe | yuenpiluoy 'cháetliqiin sowdlan damasùe | ||
employee-ERG <SPR>fear-VFCS soldier-ERG scam-NFCS | employee-ERG <SPR>fear-VFCS soldier-ERG scam-NFCS | ||
| Line 2,542: | Line 2,542: | ||
(The /ç/ is lenited to /j/ when the vowel is replaced, since Antarctican does not like words starting with fricatives other than /s/ if the next vowel has tense voice. | (The /ç/ is lenited to /j/ when the vowel is replaced, since Antarctican does not like words starting with fricatives other than /s/ if the next vowel has tense voice. | ||
<h4>Reciprocal Voice</h4> | |||
One other voice that needs to be mentioned here is the reciprocal voice. This carries to meaning of "to do to each other / one another". It is formed by reduplicating the first syllable of the verb base e.g. | |||
wuonnyie /woɴɲe/ - to want, verb focus | |||
wuowuonnyie /wowoɴɲe/ - to want each other, verb focus | |||
darakè /daʁakɘɦ/ - to cover, noun-focus | |||
dadarakè /dadaʁakɘɦ/ - to cover each other, noun-focus | |||
shuetinju /çɨtiɴɟu/ - to count, verb focus | |||
shueshuetinju /çɨçɨtiɴɟu/ - to count each other, verb focus | |||
However, the reduplicated syllable cannot contain a long vowel, a diphthong, or the placeless nasal /ɴ/. If the first syllable of the verb base contains any of these, then it is truncated e.g. | |||
ziitlòeji /ziːtɬɜɦɟi/ - to know (a person), verb-focus | |||
ziziitlòeji /ziziːtɬɜɦɟi/ - to know each other, verb-focus | |||
yinwùumùe /jiɴwuːɦmɨ/ - to turn in, noun-focus | |||
yiyinwùumùe /jijiɴwuːɦmɨ/ - to turn each other in, noun-focus | |||
kaaeykyu /kɛːi&k#690;u/ - to sell, verb-focus | |||
kaekaaeykyu /kɛkɛːikʲu/ - to sell each other, verb-focus | |||
The reduplicated syllable has whatever floating phonation is at the start of the word e.g. | |||
'kátla /kaʔtɬa/ - to make someone's acquaintance, verb focus | |||
'kákátla /kaʔkaʔtɬa/ - to make each other's acquaintance, verb focus | |||
This may not be the same phonation as is on the first syllable of the word e.g. | |||
'kamyu /kamʲu/ - to inflate (someone's ego), verb-focus | |||
'kákamyu /kaʔkamʲu/ - to inflate each other('s ego), verb-focus | |||
'kaypùe /kaipɨɦ/ - to scrape, noun-focus | |||
'kákaypùe /kaʔkaipɨɦ/ - to scrape each other, noun-focus | |||
Any changes to vowel quality that happen because of vowel phonation changes, also happen here e.g. | |||
'puytlù /puitɬuɦ/ - to pick a fight, noun-focus | |||
'púoyputlu /poiʔpuitɬuɦ/ - to pick a fight with each other, noun-focus | |||
As well as all the other regular vowel quality changes that happen when a noun takes a prefix e.g. | |||
hali /χali/ - to twist, transitive, verb-focus | |||
haehali /χɛχali/ - to twist, transitive, verb-focus | |||
As with reciprocal possession, a few verbs have irregular forms in the reciprocal voice e.g. | |||
ròerùe /ʁɜɦʁɨɦ/ - to twist, transitive, noun-focus | |||
haròerùe /χaʁɜɦʁɨɦ/ - to twist each other, transitive, noun-focus | |||
Generally, if a noun has an irregular reciprocal possessive form, then any verbs derived from it will also have irregular reciprocal voice forms e.g. | |||
wùerèn /wɨɦʀɘɴɦ/ - friend, absolutive | |||
fiwùerèn /fiwɨɦʀɘɴɦ/ - friends (of each other), absolutive | |||
wènzi /wɘɴɦ/ - to befriend, noun-focus | |||
fiwènzi /fiwɘɴɦ/ - to befriend each other, noun-focus | |||
These irregularities happen for the same reason in reciprocal verbs as they do in reciprocal nouns, namely because there is an underlying initial consonant that changes form to something else because it is before a vowel with breathy voice or tense voice (which prohibit some consonants from coming before it). However, if there is modal floating phonation, then the underlying forms can resurface in the reduplication. | |||