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Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions
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==Pre-Talmic sound changes== | |||
===Vowel shift=== | |||
===Laryngeal reflexes=== | |||
====*h==== | |||
*ihi ihu iha ihə > ī ū ē ī | |||
*ahi ahu aha ahə > ē ō ā ā | |||
*uhi uhu uha uhə > ī ū wa ū | |||
*əhi əhu əha əhə > i u a e | |||
*ihC uhC ahC əhC > īC ūC āC eC | |||
*Chi Chu Cha Chə > Ci Cu Ca Ce | |||
*hi- hu- ha- hə- > i- u- a- e- | |||
*-ih -uh -ah -əh > -ī -ū -ā -ē | |||
*ChC > CeC | |||
====*xʷ==== | |||
*ixʷi ixʷu ixʷa ixʷə > ī yu yo yu | |||
*axʷi axʷu axʷa axʷə > oy ow ō ō | |||
*uxʷi uxʷu uxʷa uxʷə > ī ū ō ō | |||
*əxʷi əxʷu əxʷa əxʷə > e u a o | |||
*ixʷC axʷC uxʷC əxʷC > ēC ōC ōC oC | |||
*Cxʷi Cxʷu Cxʷa Cxʷə > Ce Cu Ca Co | |||
*xʷi- xʷu- xʷa- xʷə- > e- u- a- o- | |||
*ixʷC axʷC uxʷC əxʷC > ēC ōC ōC oC | |||
*ixʷC axʷC uxʷC əxʷC > -ē -ō -ō -ō | |||
*CxʷC > CoC | |||
====*x̌==== | |||
*ix̌i ix̌u ix̌a ix̌ə > ē ō ē ē | |||
*ax̌i ax̌u ax̌a ax̌ə > ay aw ā ā | |||
*ux̌i ux̌u ux̌a ux̌ə > ē ō ō ō | |||
*əx̌i əx̌a əx̌u əx̌ə > e a o a | |||
*ix̌C ux̌C ax̌C əx̌C > ēC ōC āC aC | |||
*Cx̌i Cx̌u Cx̌a Cx̌ə > Ce Co Ca Ca | |||
*x̌i- x̌a- x̌u- x̌ə- > e- a- o- a- | |||
*-ix̌ -ux̌ -ax̌ -əx̌ > -ē -ō -ā -ā | |||
*Cx̌C > CaC | |||
====*x̌ʷ==== | |||
*ix̌ʷi ix̌ʷu ix̌ʷa ix̌ʷə > ye yo ē yo | |||
*ax̌ʷi ax̌ʷu ax̌ʷa ax̌ʷə > ay aw ō ō | |||
*ux̌ʷi ux̌ʷu ux̌ʷa ux̌ʷə > oy ow ō ō | |||
*əx̌ʷi əx̌ʷu əx̌ʷa əx̌ʷə > e u a o | |||
*ix̌ʷC ax̌ʷC ux̌ʷC əx̌ʷC > ēC ōC ōC oC | |||
*Cx̌ʷi Cx̌ʷa Cx̌ʷu Cx̌ʷə > Ce Ca Cu Co | |||
*x̌ʷi- x̌ʷu- x̌ʷa- x̌ʷə- > e- u- a- o- | |||
*-ix̌ʷ -ax̌ʷ -ux̌ʷ -əx̌ʷ > -ē -ō -ō -ō | |||
*Cx̌ʷC > CoC | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | | |||
! rowspan="2" |Labial | |||
! colspan="2" |Denti-alveolar | |||
! rowspan="2" |Palatal | |||
! colspan="2" |Velar | |||
! colspan="2" |Uvular | |||
! rowspan="2" |Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>central</small> | |||
! |<small>lateral</small> | |||
! |<small>plain</small> | |||
! |<small>labialized</small> | |||
! |<small>plain</small> | |||
! |<small>labialized</small> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | |||
| *m | |||
| *n | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" |Plosive | |||
! |<small>plain</small> | |||
| *p | |||
| *t | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| *k | |||
| *kʷ | |||
| *q | |||
| *qʷ | |||
| *ʔ | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>voiced</small> | |||
| *b | |||
| *d | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| *g | |||
| *gʷ | |||
| *ɢ | |||
| *ɢʷ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>ejective</small> | |||
| *pʼ | |||
| *tʼ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| *kʼ | |||
| *kʷʼ | |||
| *qʼ | |||
| *qʷʼ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative | |||
! |<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| | |||
| *s | |||
| *ł | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| *h | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>voiced</small> | |||
| | |||
| *z | |||
| *λ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="1" |Affricate | |||
! |<small>plain</small> | |||
| | |||
| *c | |||
| *ƛ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>ejective</small> | |||
| | |||
| *cʼ | |||
| *ƛʼ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Approximant | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| *y | |||
| | |||
| *w | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Liquid | |||
| | |||
| *r | |||
| *l | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
a e i o u | |||
ā ē ī ō ū | |||
ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy | |||
āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy | |||
[[Category:Pfeuno-K'aitian languages|Q]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages|Q]] | |||
==Proto-Talmic phonology== | ==Proto-Talmic phonology== | ||