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Canonic Code (view source)

Revision as of 22:02, 6 November 2025

3,082 bytes added ,  6 November 2025
→‎Nullification
 
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Line 117: Line 117:
==X==
==X==


''tla'', but not ''tra'', ''dla'', or ''dra''
''tlu'' becomes ''tlau''
''alt'', but not  ''art'', ''ald'', or ''ard''
alk > aik
alp /aup/


===Sound Changes===


*final consonants are devoiced, intermediary voiced


*a root must contain three consonsonants from distinct groups
saíkat /sēgak/
siktâ /siggâ/


vaídz, vidzâ "epic singer" > vēts, vēr


kûn, kúfān "dog" > hūl, hūr
khighihk


saíkat, siktâ "philosopher" > sēbat, sēbār
pnubmunp


bîblira siktí ābūlá > mīlu asēbā ābūlá
tladralt


===Sound Changes===




table...
diphthongs to monophthongs
iu > y, ui > ȳ
ia > e, ai > ē
ua > o, au > ō


triphthongs to diphthongs
ui-u > ȳu, iu-u > yu, u-ui > uȳ, u-iu > uy
ia-u > eu, ai-u > ēu, u-ia > ue, u-ai > uē
ua-i > oi, au-i > ōi, i-ua > io, i-au > iō


in case of incompatibility, the repeated vowel is lost (EX: ia-i > e, and not ei); also, when a long dipthong is reduced, a central vowel is added (EX: āi > ēa).




Line 156: Line 155:
! |U-type
! |U-type
! |A-type
! |A-type
|-
!K-type
| k / g
| p / b
| t / d
|-
|-
!H-type
!H-type
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| h / ɦ
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| n̥ / m
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| l̥ / r
|-
|-
!S-type
!S-type
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| s / z
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| f / v
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| t͡s / ʔ
|-
!K-type
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
|}
|}


Line 179: Line 178:
{{Phonorule|{V// <low>}|{V// nasal // <low>}|{V// nasal // <glottalized>}C<sub>0</sub>_}}
{{Phonorule|{V// <low>}|{V// nasal // <low>}|{V// nasal // <glottalized>}C<sub>0</sub>_}}


{{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}




Line 202: Line 203:
Y=yaȳā
Y=yaȳā
C=kpthnlsfcgbdqmrzv'
C=kpthnlsfcgbdqmrzv'
-=kpthnlsfc
C̥=kpthnlsfc
+=gbdqmrzv'
C̬=gbdqmrzv'
K=kgpbtd
K=kgpbtd
S=szfvc'
S=szfvc'
H=hqnmlr
H=hqnmlr
Q=123456
Q=123456
1=kghqsz
I=kghqsz
2=pbnmfv
U=pbnmfv
3=tdlrc'
A=tdlrc'
I=khs
Ĭ=khs
Ī=gqz
Ī=gqz
U=pnf
Ŭ=pnf
Ū=bmv
Ū=bmv
A=tlc
Ă=tlc
Ā=dr'
Ā=dr'


Line 265: Line 266:
-→+/V_V
-→+/V_V


''




ada
====Nullification====
arda
 
alta
=====(∅⇒∅/∅)=====
 
Idiosyncratic sound change.
 
=====(∅⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====
 
E.g. ''k'' /k/
 
=====(∅⇒∅/VOWEL)=====
 
E.g. ''a'' /a/
 
=====(∅⇒∅/TONE)=====
 
E.g. ''á'' /áː/


gīg
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/∅)=====
bībl
kun
saikat
daitas
būl
agalala
datasiu
avāla
>
zī
ī
hu
sēza
ē'a
mū
galba
dazy
ālba


stemic harmony in canonic:
E.g. ''atl'' /al/


sikūtí (-s-k-t-) >  siqūl- (-s-k-l-) *third member harmonized
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====


(-k-p-g-) > (-k-n-z-) *second and third members harmonized
E.g. ''argda'' /arda/


=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/VOWEL)=====


E.g. ''aūk'' /auː/


vocalic change
=====(CONSONANT⇒∅/TONE)=====


ka > ho, ky > hu
E.g. ''lmá'' /má/


pa > fe, py > fi
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/∅)=====


====Alternation====
E.g. ''dagauna'' /dagaun/


=====Accrescence=====
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====


(...): type-1 consonants extend to ...
E.g. ''aizza'' /azza/


ki > si, ku > hu, ti > ci, tu > lu
=====(VOWEL⇒∅/VOWEL)=====


ik > is, uk > uh, it > ic, ut > ul
E.g. ''aiu'' /au/


=====(VOWEL⇒∅/TONE)=====


if X with Y produces Z
E.g. ''aíu'' /ái/ "you"


=====(TONE⇒∅/∅)=====


alta > auta, ahka > aika, anpa > aupa
E.g. ''á'' /a/


*arta, aqka, ampa
=====(TONE⇒∅/CONSONANT)=====


*alda, ahga, anba
E.g. ''árda'' /arda/


arda, aqga, amba
=====(TONE⇒∅/VOWEL)=====


E.g. ''taó'' /tau/


=====(TONE⇒∅/TONE)=====


*aud, alb > alb, amb > *aub
E.g. ''áós'' /aós/ "you"
 
====Consonantization====
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (0>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (0>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (0>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (0>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====Voicing (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/0)=====
 
Final consonants are devoiced — e.g. ''ad'' /at/ —; medial ones are voiced — e.g. ata /ada/.
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (TONE>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (TONE>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (TONE>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
 
=====Compensatory Lengthening (TONE>CONSONANT/TONE)=====
 
E.g. āra /arda/, āda /adda/, ā’a /aʔʔa/
 
 
(''{{Phonorule|H|Q|V_R}}''): type-2 consonants extend to ''i'', ''u'', ''nd'', ''mb'', ''lb'', and ''rd'' respectively when intervovalic as onset to A-vowels.
 
 
====Vocalization====
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (0>VOWEL/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (0>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (0>VOWEL/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (0>VOWEL/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>VOWEL/TONE)
 
=====Phthongization (VOWEL>VOWEL/0)=====
 
Monophthongization happens during closed syllables — e.g. ''vaíds'' /véːt͡s/ —, and diphthongization in open syllables compare — e.g. ''tō'' /tau̯/.
 
diphthongs to monophthongs
iu > y, ui > ȳ
ia > e, ai > ē
ua > o, au > ō
 
triphthongs to diphthongs
ui-u > ȳu, iu-u > yu, u-ui > uȳ, u-iu > uy
ia-u > eu, ai-u > ēu, u-ia > ue, u-ai > uē
ua-i > oi, au-i > ōi, i-ua > io, i-au > iō
 
in case of incompatibility, the repeated vowel is lost (EX: ia-i > e, and not ei); also, when a long dipthong is reduced, a central vowel is added (EX: āi > ēa).
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>VOWEL/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (TONE>VOWEL/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (TONE>VOWEL/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (TONE>VOWEL/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (TONE>VOWEL/TONE)
 
====Tonization====
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (0>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (0>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (0>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (0>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (CONSONANT>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (VOWEL>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (VOWEL>CONSONANT/TONE)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''ad'' /at/ (TONE>CONSONANT/0)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''atka'' /akka/ (TONE>CONSONANT/CONSONANT)
 
=====X=====
 
E.g. ''tu'' /lu/ (TONE>CONSONANT/VOWEL)
 
=====X=====


ala
E.g. ''pá'' /báː/ "you" (TONE>CONSONANT/TONE)


ált > áut > ául 3z




tla > tua


tu > tau > tō


alt > aut > ...


ald
E.g. ''amba'' /ˈau̯ba/ (CONSONANT>VOWEL/VOWEL)


du ru
E.g. ''au'' /oː/ (VOWEL>VOWEL/0)


tū > cū




alkhleg


=====Excrescence=====
  *aud, alb > alb, amb > *aub
  (''{{Phonorule|H|Q|V_R}}''): type-2 consonants extend to ''i'', ''u'', ''nd'', ''mb'', ''lb'', and ''rd'' respectively when intervovalic as onset to A-vowels.


=====Decrescence=====  
====Decrescence=====
(''{{Phonorule|Z|∅|[#]_[#]/[G]_[G]}}''): type-3 consonants disappear when marginal, except when in contact with their respective dominant vowel.
(''{{Phonorule|Z|∅|[#]_[#]/[G]_[G]}}''): type-3 consonants disappear when marginal, except when in contact with their respective dominant vowel.


=====Elision=====
====Elision====


=====Apocape=====
====Apocape====


In a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks an onset or a long vowel. [...] unstressed short high vowels are erased next to sonorants and sibilants (suphí > sphí), (bilí > blí)
In a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks an onset or a long vowel. [...] unstressed short high vowels are erased next to sonorants and sibilants (suphí > sphí), (bilí > blí)


=====Syncope=====
====Syncope====


In a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost if it is not closed by a coda or possesses a long vowel.
In a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost if it is not closed by a coda or possesses a long vowel.


=====Aphaeresis=====
====Aphaeresis====


In a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks a coda or a long vowel.
In a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks a coda or a long vowel.


=====Dissimilation=====
====Dissimilation====


*swébʰ(i)ey > *sébʰey (bilabial sound expels bilabial sound)
*swébʰ(i)ey > *sébʰey (bilabial sound expels bilabial sound)
Line 382: Line 590:
====Epenthesis====
====Epenthesis====


=====Prothesis=====  
====Prothesis====


In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added.
In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added.
EX: ...
EX: ...


=====Anaptyxis=====


In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added.
In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added.
EX: 'atlya > adalyal
EX: 'atlya > adalyal


=====Paragoge=====
====Paragoge====


In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant).
In a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant).
Line 401: Line 608:
(used in special cases of other laws)
(used in special cases of other laws)


=====Haplology=====  
====Haplology====


dadasa > dasa
dadasa > dasa


=====Compensatory lengthening=====
====Compensatory lengthening====


bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl
bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl
gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla
gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla


=====Metathesis=====
====Metathesis====


glides only where the stress is
glides only where the stress is
Line 417: Line 624:
adtís > addís
adtís > addís


=====Initial/Final/Intervocalic (de)voicing=====
====Initial/Final/Intervocalic (de)voicing====


(''{{Phonorule|-sonorant|-voice|_#}}'')
(''{{Phonorule|-sonorant|-voice|_#}}'')
Veno
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