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Kämpya: Difference between revisions
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Changed word for "speak"
m (→Vowels) |
(Changed word for "speak") |
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====Reciprocal Voice==== | ====Reciprocal Voice==== | ||
This takes a transitive verb and turns it into an intransitive verb meaning "do ... to each other / one another". It is formed by reduplicating the first syllable of the verb, and putting it as a particle in the object pronoun "slot" e.g. / | This takes a transitive verb and turns it into an intransitive verb meaning "do ... to each other / one another". It is formed by reduplicating the first syllable of the verb, and putting it as a particle in the object pronoun "slot" e.g. /ˈbíʔtèn/ - "to bite" -> /bíˈbíʔtèn/ - "to bite each other". | ||
However coda consonants and the second elements of diphthongs are deleted e.g. /péiʔk/ - "to speak" -> /péiˈpéiʔk/ - "to speak to each other". | |||
Also if the onset of the first syllable contains an aspirated consonant, the aspiration is lost in the reduplication e.g. /pʰṵ̂/ - "to pull" -> /púˈpʰṵ̂/ - "to pull each other". | Also if the onset of the first syllable contains an aspirated consonant, the aspiration is lost in the reduplication e.g. /pʰṵ̂/ - "to pull" -> /púˈpʰṵ̂/ - "to pull each other". | ||
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Immediately after a monophthong with harsh voice, /t/ also lenites to /ɾ/. However, it also triggers a phonation shift on the vowel from harsh to glottalised e.g. the noun meaning "snare" is /n̥ḛ̀/ in Tone Class 2. It normally has harsh voice, but it combines with the secundative clitic to form / | Immediately after a monophthong with harsh voice, /t/ also lenites to /ɾ/. However, it also triggers a phonation shift on the vowel from harsh to glottalised e.g. the noun meaning "snare" is /n̥ḛ̀/ in Tone Class 2. It normally has harsh voice, but it combines with the secundative clitic to form /n̥èʔ=ɾí/, as in: | ||
/ˈsíʔtà n̥ḛ̀=ɾí θú=gḭ̂p dô̰k=àuŋ/ | /ˈsíʔtà n̥ḛ̀=ɾí θú=gḭ̂p dô̰k=àuŋ/ | ||
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In similar situations, /p/ lenites to /ⱱ/. For example, the instrumental postposition /piŋ/ likewise becomes /ⱱiŋ/ e.g. / | In similar situations, /p/ lenites to /ⱱ/. For example, the instrumental postposition /piŋ/ likewise becomes /ⱱiŋ/ e.g. /pèiʔk/ - "words" becomes /ˈpèiʔk=píŋ/ - "using words", but /gwà̤/ - "grass" becomes /gwà̤=ⱱíŋ/ - "using grass", and words with harsh voice on the final vowel such as /n̥ḛ̀/ - "snare", become /n̥èʔ=ⱱíŋ/ - "using a snare". | ||
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And another example using a postposition: | And another example using a postposition: | ||
/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾí | /múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾí péiʔk kʰḭ̂d ˈdô̰k=zù ˈbíʔtèn ˈlḭ̂zàd/ | ||
mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child dog=ERG bite lizard | mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child dog=ERG bite lizard | ||
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And as before, the absolutive argument of the superordinate clause can be the topic of the subordinate clause e.g. | And as before, the absolutive argument of the superordinate clause can be the topic of the subordinate clause e.g. | ||
/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾí | /múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾí péiʔk kʰḭ̂d wá=bàṵn=tí lét=gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child INDEF=bone=SEC NEC=give dog | mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child INDEF=bone=SEC NEC=give dog | ||
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/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú= | /múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=péiʔk ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | ||
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/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú= | /múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=péiʔk ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ wá=bàṵn=tí hí=gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT INDEF=bone=SEC REP=give dog | mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT INDEF=bone=SEC REP=give dog | ||
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So if the above 2 sentences take ðjíʔ, then they become: | So if the above 2 sentences take ðjíʔ, then they become: | ||
/múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾí | /múˈhḛ̂=ɾù ˈnòʔ=ɾí péiʔk ˈkʰḭ̂d ðjíʔ wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | mother=ERG SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC speak child 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | ||
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/múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú= | /múˈhḛ̂ ˈnòʔ=ɾí θú=ˈpéiʔk ˈkʰḭ̂d=àuŋ ðjíʔ wá=bàṵn=tí gḭ̂p dô̰k/ | ||
mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | mother SBRD.ACC.EMP=SEC ANTIP=speak child=DAT 3PS.OBV.ERG INDEF=bone=SEC give dog | ||
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/ˈkʰḭ̂d ˈnòʔ=ɾí mí= | /ˈkʰḭ̂d ˈnòʔ=ɾí mí=ˈpéiʔk ˈḛ̂nèm déˈpʰáʔɾ/ | ||
child SBRD.ACC 1PS.EXCL.ACC=speak enemy depart | child SBRD.ACC 1PS.EXCL.ACC=speak enemy depart | ||
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/ˈkʰḭ̂d ˈnòʔ=ɾí mí= | /ˈkʰḭ̂d ˈnòʔ=ɾí mí=ˈpéiʔk ˈḛ̂nèm hí=déˈpʰáʔɾ/ | ||
child SBRD.ACC 1PS.EXCL.ACC=speak enemy REP=depart | child SBRD.ACC 1PS.EXCL.ACC=speak enemy REP=depart | ||