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Carnian grammar: Difference between revisions
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Carnian is not the only Slavic language with articles (others are Bulgarian, Macedonian, and to some extent Sorbian languages), but is the only one with both definite and indefinite articles in preposition. They are inflected by case, gender, and number (except for the indefinite, which is absent in plural). The definite article is consistently used, while the indefinite is in practice often omitted. | Carnian is not the only Slavic language with articles (others are Bulgarian, Macedonian, and to some extent Sorbian languages), but is the only one with both definite and indefinite articles in preposition. They are inflected by case, gender, and number (except for the indefinite, which is absent in plural). The definite article is consistently used, while the indefinite is in practice often omitted. | ||
Both articles undergo shortening in certain contexts, i.e. the feminine and neuter definite ''ta'' and ''to'' become ''t' '' before words starting with ''a''- and ''o''-, respectively (''t'ant'' instead of ''ta ant'' 'the duck'; ''t'oco'' instead of ''to oco'' 'the eye'). Indefinite article preceded by ''je'' (third person singular ''bœt'' 'to be') merges with it into one form (e.g., ''To je jen pies'' becomes ''To jen pies'', 'It's a dog'), although this is restricted to informal speech and is never used in official writings. | Both articles undergo shortening in certain contexts, i.e. the feminine and neuter definite ''ta'' and ''to'' become ''t' '' before words starting with ''a''- and ''o''-, respectively (''t'ant'' instead of ''ta [[Contionary:ant#Carnian|ant]]'' 'the duck'; ''t'oco'' instead of ''to oco'' 'the eye'). Indefinite article preceded by ''je'' (third person singular ''[[Contionary:bœt#Carnian|bœt]]'' 'to be') merges with it into one form (e.g., ''To je jen [[Contionary:pies#Carnian|pies]]'' becomes ''To jen pies'', 'It's a dog'), although this is restricted to informal speech and is never used in official writings. | ||
'''Indefinite ''jen'' inflection''' | '''Indefinite ''jen'' inflection''' | ||
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=== Comparison === | === Comparison === | ||
Comparative and superlative formations follow analytical construction with the use of adverbs ''vent'' 'more' and ''nai'' (rarely also ''naivent'') 'most', respectively, followed by the adjective in positive form. A few irregular adjectives, especially old and basic ones, have fossilized the old affix formation, such as ''miens'' 'smaller', ''ventz'' 'bigger', ''gors'' 'worse', and ''bols'' 'better'. These irregular adjectives use the comparative forms to form the superlative. | Comparative and superlative formations follow analytical construction with the use of adverbs ''[[Contionary:vent#Carnian|vent]]'' 'more' and ''[[Contionary:nai#Carnian|nai]]'' (rarely also ''naivent'') 'most', respectively, followed by the adjective in positive form. A few irregular adjectives, especially old and basic ones, have fossilized the old affix formation, such as ''[[Contionary:miens#Carnian|miens]]'' 'smaller', ''[[Contionary:ventz#Carnian|ventz]]'' 'bigger', ''[[Contionary:gors#Carnian|gors]]'' 'worse', and ''[[Contionary:bols#Carnian|bols]]'' 'better'. These irregular adjectives use the comparative forms to form the superlative. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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!rowspan=4| Regular | !rowspan=4| Regular | ||
! Predicative | ! Predicative | ||
| barz | | [[Contionary:barz#Carnian|barz]] | ||
| vent barz | | vent barz | ||
| nai barz | | nai barz | ||
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==== Past indicative ==== | ==== Past indicative ==== | ||
The past indicative is used to indicate events that occurred in the past. It is formed with the auxiliary verb ''bœt'' ('to be') in the present tense, followed by the predicative past participle of the verb, for example ''jem videu'' 'I saw'. | The past indicative is used to indicate events that occurred in the past. It is formed with the auxiliary verb ''[[Contionary:bœt#Carnian|bœt]]'' ('to be') in the present tense, followed by the predicative past participle of the verb, for example ''jem videu'' 'I saw'. | ||
==== Pluperfect indicative ==== | ==== Pluperfect indicative ==== | ||
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==== Irregular verbs ==== | ==== Irregular verbs ==== | ||
Conjugation of the verb ''bœt'' 'to be': | Conjugation of the verb ''[[Contionary:bœt#Carnian|bœt]]'' 'to be': | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| jaz | | [[Contionary:ja#Carnian|ja, jaz]] | ||
| ty | | [[Contionary:ty#Carnian|ty]] | ||
| vy | | [[Contionary:vy#Carnian|vy]] | ||
| on | | [[Contionary:on#Carnian|on]] | ||
| ona | | [[Contionary:ona#Carnian|ona]] | ||
| ono | | [[Contionary:ono#Carnian|ono]] | ||
| mœ | | [[Contionary:mœ#Carnian|mœ]] | ||
| vœ | | [[Contionary:vœ#Carnian|vœ]] | ||
| oni | | oni | ||
| one | | one | ||
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=== Interrogative pronouns === | === Interrogative pronouns === | ||
The interrogative pronouns introduce direct and indirect questions. There are two nominative forms: ''co'' 'who' and ''kei'' 'what'. | The interrogative pronouns introduce direct and indirect questions. There are two nominative forms: ''co'' 'who' and ''[[Contionary:kei#Carnian|kei]]'' 'what'. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||