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===Phonology=== | ===Phonology=== | ||
Luthic phonology is defined by a comparatively simple vocalic system and a consonantal inventory that varies across regional varieties. The standard form, in its most complete form, counts up to eight oral vowels, five nasal vowels, two semivowels, and twenty-six consonants, though certain dialects show a more reduced consonant set alongside an expanded vowel space. Vowels are regularly lowered and retracted before /w/ (e.g. [ë̞, o̞, æ̈, ʌ, ɒ, ɑ]) and raised and fronted before /j/ (e.g. [u, e̟, o̟, ɛ̝, ɐ̝, ɔ̝, ä̝]). In areas under strong Gallo-Italic influence, particularly Lombard and Piedmontese, rounding before /w/ produces additional allophonic series ([ø, o, œ, ɐ͗, ɔ, a͗] → [ø̞̈, o̞, æ̹̈, ɔ, ɒ, ɒ]). These patterns account for the perception of “more vowels and fewer consonants” in some varieties. Historically, this phonological profile crystallised in Ravenna, where Gothic, Frankish, Langobardic, Lepontic, and Cisalpine Gaulish elements were absorbed into the local Vulgar Latin. By the 6th century, Luthic had already become the vernacular of Ravenna, its conservative base providing the foundation for the modern system described below. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Consonant phonemes | |||
! !! Labial !! Dental/<br>alveolar !! Post-<br>alveolar/<br>palatal !! Velar | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | Nasal | |||
| m || n || ɲ || | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | Stop | |||
| p b || t d || || k g | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | Affricate | |||
| || t͡s d͡z || t͡ʃ d͡ʒ || | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | Fricative | |||
| f v || s z || ʃ || | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | Approximant | |||
| || || j || w | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | Lateral | |||
| || l || ʎ || | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | Trill | |||
| || r || || | |||
|} | |||
Nasals: | |||
* /n/ is laminal alveolar [n̻]. Some dialects register a palatalised laminal postalveolar [n̠ʲ] before /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/. | |||
* /ɲ/ is alveolo-palatal and always geminate when intervocalic. | |||
* /ŋ/ is pre-velar [ŋ˖] before [k̟, ɡ̟] and post-velar [ŋ˗] before [k̠, ɡ˗]; it may also be described as an uvular [ɴ]. | |||
Plosives: | |||
* /p/ /b/ are purely bilabial. | |||
* /t/ and /d/ are laminal denti-alveolar [t̻, d̻]. | |||
* /k/ and /ɡ/ are pre-velar [k̟, ɡ̟] before /i, e, ɛ, j/ and post-velar [k̠, ɡ˗] before /o, ɔ, u/; which may also be described as uvulars [q, ɢ]. | |||
Affricates: | |||
* /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ are dentalised laminal alveolar [t̻͡s̪, d̻͡z̪]. | |||
* /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are strongly labialised palato-alveolar [t͡ʃʷ, d͡ʒʷ]. | |||
Fricatives: | |||
* /f/ and /v/ are labiodental. | |||
* /s/ and /z/ are laminal alveolar [s̻, z̻]. | |||
* /ʃ/ is strongly labialised palato-alveolar [ʃʷ] and geminate when intervocalic. | |||
Approximants, trill and laterals: | |||
* /r/ is alveolar [r]. | |||
* /l/ is laminal alveolar [l̻], some dialects register a palatalised laminal postalveolar [l̠ʲ] before /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/. | |||
* /ʎ/ is alveolo-palatal and always geminate when intervocalic; in many accents, it is realised as a fricative [ʎ̝]. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Vowel Phonemes of Luthic | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | Front !! colspan="2" | Central !! colspan="2" | Back | |||
|- | |||
! oral !! nasal !! oral !! nasal !! oral !! nasal | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | Close | |||
| i || ĩ || || || u || ũ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | Close-mid | |||
| e || ẽ || colspan="2" | || o || õ | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | Open-mid | |||
| ɛ || || ɐ || ɐ̃ || ɔ || | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row" | Open | |||
| colspan="2" | || a || || colspan="2" | | |||
|} | |||
* Vowels are lengthened under primary stress in open syllables, though vowel length is not phonemically distinctive. Under secondary stress in open syllables, vowels are often realised as half-long. Vowels in auslaut and nasal vowels are not affected. | |||
* When the mid vowels /ɛ, ɔ/ precede a geminate nasal or a nasal followed by a fricative, they are realised as closer nasal vowels [ẽ] and [õ], rather than [ɛ̃] and [ɔ̃]. | |||
* All vowels tend to be lowered and retracted before /w/, yielding variants such as [ɪ, u̞, ë̞, o̞, æ̈, ʌ, ɒ, ɑ]. | |||
* Before /j/, vowels are generally raised and advanced, producing [u, e̟, o̟, ɛ̝, ɐ̝, ɔ̝, ä̝] | |||
. | |||
* In areas under stronger Gallo-Italic influence (e.g. Lombard and Piedmontese), vowels may also undergo rounding before /w/, resulting in forms like [ø̞̈, o̞, æ̹̈, ɔ, ɒ, ɒ]. | |||
* /i/ is close front unrounded [i]. F1 = 300 Hz, F2 = 2500 Hz. | |||
* /ĩ/ is close front unrounded nasal [ĩ]. F1 = 320 Hz, F2 = 2450 Hz. | |||
* /e/ is close-mid front unrounded [e]. F1 = 500 Hz, F2 = 2200 Hz; before /j/: F1 = 480 Hz, F2 = 2300 Hz; before /w/: F1 = 520 Hz, F2 = 2100 Hz. | |||
* /ẽ/ is close-mid front unrounded nasal [ẽ]. F1 = 520 Hz, F2 = 2150 Hz. | |||
* /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ̝]. F1 = 600 Hz, F2 = 2000 Hz; before /j/: F1 = 580 Hz, F2 = 2100 Hz; before /w/: F1 = 620 Hz, F2 = 1900 Hz. | |||
* /u/ is close back rounded [u]. F1 = 300 Hz, F2 = 900 Hz; before /j/: F1 = 280 Hz, F2 = 950 Hz. | |||
* /ũ/ is close back rounded nasal [ũ]. F1 = 320 Hz, F2 = 880 Hz. | |||
* /o/ is close-mid back rounded [o]. F1 = 500 Hz, F2 = 1100 Hz; before /j/: F1 = 480 Hz, F2 = 1150 Hz; before /w/: F1 = 520 Hz, F2 = 1050 Hz. | |||
* /õ/ is close-mid back rounded nasal [õ]. F1 = 520 Hz, F2 = 1080 Hz. | |||
* /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded (slightly fronted) [ɔ̟]. F1 = 600 Hz, F2 = 1200 Hz; before /j/: F1 = 580 Hz, F2 = 1250 Hz; before /w/: F1 = 620 Hz, F2 = 1150 Hz. | |||
* /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ]. F1 = 650 Hz, F2 = 1600 Hz; before /j/: F1 = 630 Hz, F2 = 1650 Hz; before /w/: F1 = 670 Hz, F2 = 1550 Hz. | |||
* /ɐ̃/ is near-open central unrounded nasal [ɐ̃]. F1 = 670 Hz, F2 = 1550 Hz. | |||
* /a/ is open front/central unrounded [a~ä]. F1 = 700 Hz, F2 = 1700 Hz; before /j/: F1 = 680 Hz, F2 = 1750 Hz; before /w/: F1 = 720 Hz, F2 = 1650 Hz. | |||
It has been observed that word-final /i, u/ are raised and end in a voiceless vowel: [ii̥, uu̥]. These voiceless vowels may sound almost like [ç] and [x], particularly around Lugo, and are sometimes transcribed as [ii̥ᶜ̧, uu̥ˣ] or [iᶜ̧, uˣ]. In the same region, interconsonantal lax variants [i̽, u̽] are common, often accompanied by a schwa-like off-glide [i̽ə̯, u̽ə̯], which can be further described as an extra-short schwa-like off-glide [ə̯̆] ([i̽ə̯̆, u̽ə̯̆] or [i̽ᵊ, u̽ᵊ]). | |||
The status of [ɛ] and [ɔ] remains debated. It is often suggested that the long vowel phonemes present in Gothic developed into schwa-glides [ɛə̯̆, ɔə̯̆], or even into quasi-diphthongs [ɛæ̯̆, ɔɒ̯̆]. For simplicity, these are henceforth written as ⟨[ɛ, ɔ]⟩ due to their uncertain phonemic status. | |||
In addition to monophthongs, Luthic has diphthongs. Phonemically and phonetically, these are simply combinations of other vowels. None of the diphthongs are considered to have distinct phonemic status, as their constituents behave the same as when occurring in isolation—unlike diphthongs in languages such as English or German. While grammatical tradition distinguishes “falling” from “rising” diphthongs, rising diphthongs consist of a semiconsonantal sound [j] or [w] followed by a vowel and therefore do not constitute true diphthongs. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||