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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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In addition to monophthongs, Luthic has diphthongs. Phonemically and phonetically, these are simply combinations of other vowels. None of the diphthongs are considered to have distinct phonemic status, as their constituents behave the same as when occurring in isolation—unlike diphthongs in languages such as English or German. While grammatical tradition distinguishes “falling” from “rising” diphthongs, rising diphthongs consist of a semiconsonantal sound [j] or [w] followed by a vowel and therefore do not constitute true diphthongs. | In addition to monophthongs, Luthic has diphthongs. Phonemically and phonetically, these are simply combinations of other vowels. None of the diphthongs are considered to have distinct phonemic status, as their constituents behave the same as when occurring in isolation—unlike diphthongs in languages such as English or German. While grammatical tradition distinguishes “falling” from “rising” diphthongs, rising diphthongs consist of a semiconsonantal sound [j] or [w] followed by a vowel and therefore do not constitute true diphthongs. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Diphthongs and Glides | |||
! Vowel !! /j/ !! /w/ | |||
|- | |||
| /a/ || /aj/ /ja/ || /aw/ /wa/ | |||
|- | |||
| /ɐ/ || /ɐj/ /jɐ/ || /ɐw/ /wɐ/ | |||
|- | |||
| /ɛ/ || /ɛj/ /jɛ/ || /ɛw/ /wɛ/ | |||
|- | |||
| /e/ || /ej/ /je/ || /ew/ /we/ | |||
|- | |||
| /i/ || Ø || /wi/ | |||
|- | |||
| /ɔ/ || /ɔj/ /jɔ/ || /ɔw/ /wɔ/ | |||
|- | |||
| /o/ || /oj/ /jo/ || /ow/ /wo/ | |||
|- | |||
| /u/ || /uj/ /ju/ || Ø | |||
|} | |||
* /uj/ and /wi/ are largely in free variation. However, /wi/ occurs primarily in auslaut and inlaut positions, while /uj/ is generally found in anlaut position. The sequence /iw/ is no longer productive. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Triphthongs and Complex Sequences | |||
! !! !! j !! !! o !! ɔ | |||
|- | |||
! j | |||
| jaj~jɐj || jej~jɛj || joj~jɔj || jwo || jwɔ | |||
|- | |||
! w | |||
| waj~wɐj || wej~wɛj || woj~wɔj || colspan="2" | | |||
|} | |||
* Within triphthongs, vowel quality is mostly in free variation, except in /jwo/ and /jwɔ/, where the quality is more stable. In regions influenced by Gallo-Italic languages, these clusters in /jw/ may also be reduced to [ɥ]. | |||
====Phonotactics==== | |||
Luthic allows up to three consonants in syllable-initial position, although there are some restrictions. Its syllable structure can be represented as (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C). As in English, many words begin with three consonants. Luthic lacks true bimoraic vowels; what appear as diphthongs are actually sequences of a semiconsonantal glide [j] or [w] plus a vowel. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Phonotactics | |||
! C<sub>1</sub> !! C<sub>2</sub> !! C<sub>3</sub> | |||
|- | |||
| s || p k || r j | |||
|- | |||
| s || f t || r | |||
|- | |||
| z || b || r j | |||
|- | |||
| z || d g || r | |||
|- | |||
| z || m v n d͡ʒ r l || — | |||
|- | |||
| p b f v k g || r j || — | |||
|- | |||
| t d p g || r || — | |||
|- | |||
| m n ɲ r l ʎ t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ || — || — | |||
|} | |||
CC | |||
* /s/ + any voiceless stop or /f/; | |||
* /z/ + any voiced stop, /v d͡ʒ m n l r/; | |||
* /f v/, or any stop + /r/; | |||
* /f v/, or any stop except /t d/ + /j/; | |||
* /f v s z/, or any stop or nasal + /j w/; | |||
CCC | |||
* /s/ + voiceless stop or /f/ + /r/; | |||
* /s/ + /p k/ + /j/; | |||
* /z/ + /b/ + /j/; | |||
* /f v/ or any stop + /r/ + /j w/; | |||
* /f v/ or any stop or nasal + /w/ + /j/. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Vowel Phonotactics | |||
! V<sub>1</sub> !! V<sub>2</sub> !! V<sub>3</sub> | |||
|- | |||
| a ɐ e ɛ || i [j] u [w] || — | |||
|- | |||
| o ɔ || i [j] || — | |||
|- | |||
| i [j] || e o || — | |||
|- | |||
| i [j] || ɐ ɛ ɔ || i [j] | |||
|- | |||
| i [j] || u [w] || o | |||
|- | |||
| u [w] || ɐ ɛ ɔ || i [j] | |||
|- | |||
| u [w] || e o || — | |||
|- | |||
| u [w] || i [j] || — | |||
|} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||