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:* As a gerund, it functions as an Class 3 verbal noun or adverb to name an action or to express the manner of an action. | :* As a gerund, it functions as an Class 3 verbal noun or adverb to name an action or to express the manner of an action. | ||
:* As a gerundive, it functions as a declinable Classes 1, 2 & 3 verbal adjective, expressing necessity, obligation, or fitness. | :* As a gerundive, it functions as a declinable Classes 1, 2 & 3 verbal adjective, expressing necessity, obligation, or fitness. | ||
====Auxiliary verbs==== | |||
Following the discussion of compound tenses and voice, the full paradigms for the two primary auxiliary verbs, ‘to be’ and ‘to have’, are presented below. Although irregular, their foundational role in the verbal system warrants their inclusion in this section. For the sake of simplicity, compounded forms are skipped. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30%; table-layout:fixed;" | |||
|+ Non-finite forms | |||
! style="width:50%;" | Infinitive | |||
| vesare | |||
|- | |||
! Past participle | |||
| vesatu | |||
|- | |||
! Present participle | |||
| vesante | |||
|- | |||
! Gerund | |||
| vesandu | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:70%; table-layout:fixed;" | |||
|+ Indicative active | |||
! style="width:16%;" | Person | |||
! style="width:16%;" | Present | |||
! style="width:16%;" | Imperfect | |||
! style="width:16%;" | Perfect | |||
! style="width:16%;" | Pluperfect | |||
! style="width:16%;" | Future | |||
|- | |||
! ec | |||
| bio || vó || fui || foro || saraggio | |||
|- | |||
! þú | |||
| bii || ví || fosti || fori || sarái | |||
|- | |||
! e | |||
| è || vá || fú || fora || sará | |||
|- | |||
! ve | |||
| segi || ví || fui || fori || sarí | |||
|- | |||
! gio | |||
| segize || vesaze || foze || foraze || saraze | |||
|- | |||
! vi | |||
| siamu || vesamu || fummu || foramu || saremu | |||
|- | |||
! giu | |||
| siete || vesate || foste || forate || sarete | |||
|- | |||
! i | |||
| seno || vesano || furono || forano || sarano | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:50%; table-layout:fixed;" | |||
|+ Subjunctive & Conditional active | |||
! style="width:25%;" | Person | |||
! style="width:25%;" | Subj. Pres. | |||
! style="width:25%;" | Subj. Imp. | |||
! style="width:25%;" | Cond. Pres. | |||
|- | |||
! ec | |||
| sia || fosse || sarebbi | |||
|- | |||
! þú | |||
| sia || fossi || saresti | |||
|- | |||
! e | |||
| sia || fosse || sarebbe | |||
|- | |||
! ve | |||
| sii || fossi || sarebbi | |||
|- | |||
! gio | |||
| siaze || fossize || sareze | |||
|- | |||
! vi | |||
| siamu || fossimu || saremmu | |||
|- | |||
! giu | |||
| siate || fossite || sareste | |||
|- | |||
! i | |||
| siano || fosseno || sarebberono | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30%; table-layout:fixed;" | |||
|+ Imperative | |||
! style="width:34%;" | Person | |||
! style="width:33%;" | Affirmative | |||
! style="width:33%;" | Negative | |||
|- | |||
! þú | |||
| vesa || non vesare | |||
|- | |||
! gio | |||
| vesaze || non vesare | |||
|- | |||
! giu | |||
| vesate || non vesare | |||
|} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||