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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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| avete || non avere | | avete || non avere | ||
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===Adverbs=== | |||
Adverbs in Luthic are generally categorised into three main types based on their formation: | |||
* Inherited irregular adverbs: a number of adverbs are directly inherited from Latin and Gothic. These forms are often irregular and do not follow a productive pattern. Examples include: | |||
:: ondar “under”, èr “early”, sí “so”, sva “thus”, contra “against.” | |||
* Adverbs in -e: a large class of regular adverbs is formed by attaching the suffix -e, a feature inherited from Latin, for instance: | |||
:: fregionde “friendly”, rette “right.” | |||
* Adverbs in -mente: following a pattern common to most Romance languages, another class of regular adverbs is formed by attaching the suffix -mente to the feminine form of an adjective, e.g.: | |||
:: fragcamente “frankly”, angiamente “finally.” | |||
===Prepositions=== | |||
Prepositions are used to specify the relationship between nouns, pronouns, and other parts of a sentence, particularly in spatial, temporal, or logical contexts. In many instances where a preposition might be used, Luthic employs a specific noun case instead. However, prepositions are used for clarity and to express nuances that cases alone cannot convey. Most prepositions govern a specific case, meaning the noun that follows must be inflected accordingly. | |||
* Accusative: usually denote movement towards something, specially a destiny or a target. Examples include: | |||
:: for “for”, þèr “through”, contra “against.” | |||
* Dative: typically indicate static location, accompaniment, instrument, or beneficiary. Such as: | |||
:: meþ “with”, fra “from”, neva “near.” | |||
* Genitive: typically those expressing a position relative to a boundary such as ‘beyond’ and ‘outside’. For instance: | |||
:: endana “beyond”, ovaro “over (moving across)”, otana “outside.” | |||
A special class of locational prepositions, particularly those expressing in ‘in’, ana ‘on; at’, can govern two different cases. The choice of case is determined by the semantic distinction between motion and static location. | |||
These prepositions govern the accusative case when expressing motion towards a destination (answering the question “where to?”). | |||
They govern the dative case when expressing a static, unchanging location (answering the question “where at?”). | |||
* (motion, accusative) gaggo neþana staþe. → I go into the place. | |||
* (location, dative) bio neþamma staþi. → I am in the place. | |||
The preposition ‘in’ is subject to sandhi, where its final nasal consonant assimilates to the place of articulation of the following sound. This results in four allomorphs, which are reflected in the orthography: | |||
* im is used before labial consonants (e.g., p, b, v, f); | |||
* ig (pronounced [iŋ]) is used before velar consonants (e.g., c, g); | |||
* in is used before any vowel or any dental consonant (e.g. t, d); | |||
* i is used before sonorants, such as m, n, r and l. | |||
A key feature is the mandatory contraction of certain prepositions with the definite article that follows them. These articulated prepositions merge the two words into a single form. The resulting form depends on the specific preposition and the gender, number, and case of the article. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:50%; table-layout:fixed;" | |||
|+ Prepositional articles | |||
! style="width:14%;" | | |||
! style="width:14%;" | m.sg. | |||
! style="width:14%;" | f.sg. | |||
! style="width:14%;" | n.sg. | |||
! style="width:14%;" | m.pl. | |||
! style="width:14%;" | f.pl. | |||
! style="width:14%;" | n.pl. | |||
|- | |||
! a | |||
| aþþana || aþþa || aþþata || aþþe || aþþi || aþþa | |||
|- | |||
! di | |||
| deþana || deþa || deþata || deþe || deþi || deþa | |||
|- | |||
! du | |||
| doþamma || doþamma || doþamma || doþe || doþe || doþe | |||
|- | |||
! for | |||
| foþþana || foþþa || foþþata || foþþe || foþþi || foþþa | |||
|- | |||
! fra (acc.) | |||
| fraþana || fraþa || fraþata || fraþe || fraþi || fraþa | |||
|- | |||
! fra (dat.) | |||
| fraþamma || fraþamma || fraþamma || fraþe || fraþe || fraþe | |||
|- | |||
! in (acc.) | |||
| neþana || neþa || neþata || neþe || neþi || neþa | |||
|- | |||
! in (dat.) | |||
| neþamma || neþamma || neþamma || neþe || neþe || neþe | |||
|- | |||
! ana (acc.) | |||
| naþana || naþa || naþata || naþe || naþi || naþa | |||
|- | |||
! ana (dat.) | |||
| naþamma || naþamma || naþamma || naþe || naþe || naþe | |||
|- | |||
! meþ | |||
| meþþamma || meþþamma || meþþamma || meþþe || meþþe || meþþe | |||
|} | |||
===Conjunctions=== | |||
Conjunctions are invariable words that link other words, phrases, or clauses. Luthic distinguishes between two main classes of conjunctions: coordinating and subordinating, based on the grammatical relationship they establish between the elements they connect. | |||
Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal elements. Luthic possesses a nuanced system where the choice of conjunction often depends on the context of polarity (affirmative vs. negative) and contrast. | |||
* gio and -vu (and): the primary conjunction for simple addition is gio. For contexts involving a binary contrast, Luthic employs the enclitic suffix -vu, which attaches to the second element to link it with the first, often carrying a slightly adversative nuance. | |||
* eþ, aþþa, ac and òc (but): the choice of the adversative conjunction depends on the polarity of the first clause. “Ac” is used after a negative statement to introduce a correction or a mutually exclusive alternative. “Òc” is used after an affirmative statement to introduce a simple contrast. “Eþ, aþþa” are used when the clause (usually the first) is adversative and/or there is no polarity before. | |||
* eþþuo and neþþa (or/nor): for alternatives, eþþuo is the general conjunction ‘or’ used in affirmative contexts. In negative contexts, neþþa is used to link negated alternatives. | |||
* þuo (than): it is used in comparisons, to introduce the basis of the comparison, usually seeking to measure the force of an adjective or similar description between two predicates. | |||
Subordinating conjunctions introduce a dependent (or subordinate) clause and connect it to an independent (main) clause. They establish a specific relationship between the clauses, such as time, cause, or condition. Many of these conjunctions, particularly those introducing clauses of purpose, condition, or other non-factual events, require the verb of the subordinate clause to be in the subjunctive mood. Subordinating conjunctions can be grouped by their function: | |||
* Complementiser: í is used to introduce a noun clause that functions as the subject or object of a verb. This form is identical to the relative pronoun í. | |||
* Conditional: the conditional conjunction is giavè “if”. Unreal or hypothetical conditions require the subjunctive mood. | |||
* Causal: the causal conjunctions are þande “because, since” and svi “as”, which introduces a clause that provides the reason or cause for the action in the main clause. | |||
* Temporal: van “when” and mentre “while” introduce temporal clauses; van specifies the point in time of an action, while mentre is used to indicate a simultaneous, ongoing action. | |||
* Purpose: the primary conjunction of purpose is forvo “so that, in order that”, which introduces a clause stating the goal of the main action. The verb in a purpose clause is typically in the subjunctive mood, as it expresses a desired, non-factual outcome. | |||
* Concessive: sibbiene “although, though” introduces a clause that presents an obstacle or a counter-argument to the main clause. The following verb is always in the subjunctive mood. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||