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Carnian dialects: Difference between revisions
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=== Carinthian === | === Carinthian === | ||
The '''Carinthian''' dialect is spoken in Carnian Carinthia and a few places in Upper Carniola, as well as by Austrian Carnians. During the Middle Ages it was the most prestigious dialect and the vernacular of the nobility and clergy, and therefore strongly influenced the other regions. At the same time, Carinthian is the most Germanized of all Carnian dialects due to Carnian-German bilingualism existing there since the very beginning of Carnian statehood. These factors account for the presence of German-influenced features across Carnian speech territory, such as four-case system, uninflected predicative adjectives, stem-initial accent, vowel reduction, and syncope. Traces of German influence can be seen in spelling, although nowadays to a much smaller extent, and visible in the use of ⟨œ⟩ for /ɜ/ (realized as [œ] in Carinthian), ⟨ch⟩ for / | The '''Carinthian''' dialect is spoken in Carnian Carinthia and a few places in Upper Carniola, as well as by Austrian Carnians. During the Middle Ages it was the most prestigious dialect and the vernacular of the nobility and clergy, and therefore strongly influenced the other regions. At the same time, Carinthian is the most Germanized of all Carnian dialects due to Carnian-German bilingualism existing there since the very beginning of Carnian statehood. These factors account for the presence of German-influenced features across Carnian speech territory, such as four-case system, uninflected predicative adjectives, stem-initial accent, vowel reduction, and syncope. Traces of German influence can be seen in spelling, although nowadays to a much smaller extent, and visible in the use of ⟨œ⟩ for /ɜ/ (realized as [œ] in Carinthian), ⟨ch⟩ for /ʃ/ (former /ç/), or ⟨tz⟩ for /t͡s/, and ⟨ck⟩ for /k/ before front vowels. Other features like open-syllable lengthening and the use of articles are attributed to both German and Romance/Italian influence. | ||
Carinthian maintains several conservative features not present anymore in modern Carnian, yet does not lack its own innovations. Its main features are: | Carinthian maintains several conservative features not present anymore in modern Carnian, yet does not lack its own innovations. Its main features are: | ||
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* Lenition of voiced stops /b, d, g/ > /β, ð, ɣ/. The degree of lenition ranges from full lenition in all positions to medial positions only | * Lenition of voiced stops /b, d, g/ > /β, ð, ɣ/. The degree of lenition ranges from full lenition in all positions to medial positions only | ||
* Realization of ''ea'' in its traditional form [æ], with the diphthongal pronunciation becoming more popular only recently | * Realization of ''ea'' in its traditional form [æ], with the diphthongal pronunciation becoming more popular only recently | ||
* Preservation of the palatal fricative /ç/ in most regions | |||
* ''ą'' raised to ''ỹ'' in unstressed syllables, visible in words like ''minint'' (vs. standard ''minant'' 'to pass') or in ''Corintia'', the name of Carinthia which spread to the standard (vs. ''Corantia'' in some conservative southern dialects) | * ''ą'' raised to ''ỹ'' in unstressed syllables, visible in words like ''minint'' (vs. standard ''minant'' 'to pass') or in ''Corintia'', the name of Carinthia which spread to the standard (vs. ''Corantia'' in some conservative southern dialects) | ||
* Retention of nasality and extension toward previously non-nasalized contexts. Some of these nasal phonemes later underwent changes (/ʊ̃/ merged with /œ̃/, /ĩ/ lowered to [ɪ̃ ~ ẽ]) | * Retention of nasality and extension toward previously non-nasalized contexts. Some of these nasal phonemes later underwent changes (/ʊ̃/ merged with /œ̃/, /ĩ/ lowered to [ɪ̃ ~ ẽ]) | ||
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* Voiced final obstruents are preserved in Horol subdialect | * Voiced final obstruents are preserved in Horol subdialect | ||
* Rhotacization of the infinitive suffix -''t'' > -''r'' in the southwestern coastal regions | * Rhotacization of the infinitive suffix -''t'' > -''r'' in the southwestern coastal regions | ||
* Mixed use of ''kei'' and '' | * Mixed use of ''kei'' and ''che'' 'what', the latter being used in the southwestern parts | ||
* Higher degree of Romance loanwords | * Higher degree of Romance loanwords | ||
* Loss of animacy distinction in majority of Obale-Cars region | * Loss of animacy distinction in majority of Obale-Cars region | ||
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* The accent is predominantly penultimate. Eastern Istra and Gorski Kotar exhibit some degree of free accent influenced by Chakavian. Parts of Cres preserve stem-initial accent | * The accent is predominantly penultimate. Eastern Istra and Gorski Kotar exhibit some degree of free accent influenced by Chakavian. Parts of Cres preserve stem-initial accent | ||
* Presence of pitch accent with tones often agreeing with the Chakavian words | * Presence of pitch accent with tones often agreeing with the Chakavian words | ||
* '' | * ''che'' or ''cha'' instead of ''kei'' | ||
* Lack of geminated consonants | * Lack of geminated consonants | ||
* ''ea'' either merged with ''e'' or ''a'', or decomposed to [ɛ.ä] | * ''ea'' either merged with ''e'' or ''a'', or decomposed to [ɛ.ä] | ||
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* Merger of ''e'' and ''ea'' into [ɛ] | * Merger of ''e'' and ''ea'' into [ɛ] | ||
* Realization of ''œ'' as rounded [œ̈] | * Realization of ''œ'' as rounded [œ̈] | ||
* Monophthongization of ''ou'' and merger with /ʊ/ | |||
* Diphthongization of long close vowels: [iː] and [ʊ̟ː] become [ɪj] and [ʊ̟w] respectively | * Diphthongization of long close vowels: [iː] and [ʊ̟ː] become [ɪj] and [ʊ̟w] respectively | ||
* Merger of many imperfective-perfective pairs into biaspectual verbs | * Merger of many imperfective-perfective pairs into biaspectual verbs | ||