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Carnian grammar: Difference between revisions
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=== Masculine Declension === | === Masculine Declension === | ||
Masculine nouns are declined according to hard, soft, or a-stem patterns. The majority of masculine nouns follow the hard or soft declension, whereas the a-stem declension is reserved for a small category of words and is identical to the feminine a-stem declension. While Carnian preserves the hard-soft stem distinction, these two declension patterns have merged to some extent, similarly to neighboring South Slavic languages. | Masculine nouns are declined according to hard, soft, or a-stem patterns. The majority of masculine nouns follow the hard or soft declension, whereas the a-stem declension is reserved for a small category of words and is identical to the feminine a-stem declension. Nouns belonging to the hard-stem declension typically have stems ending in a consonant, although a group of nouns which used to have a stem ending in /h/ now end in a vowel. While Carnian preserves the hard-soft stem distinction, these two declension patterns have merged to some extent, similarly to neighboring South Slavic languages. | ||
Masculine nouns are further divided between animate and inanimate nouns: | Masculine nouns are further divided between animate and inanimate nouns: | ||
* For inanimate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the nominative singular | * For inanimate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the nominative singular | ||
* For animate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the genitive singular | * For animate nouns, the accusative singular is identical to the genitive singular | ||
* In plural, the distinction is significant for hard stems ending in velar consonant /k, g | * In plural, the distinction is significant for hard stems ending in velar consonant /k, g/ (which are palatalized to /s/ and /z/, respectively) in animate nouns and remain unchanged in inanimate nouns. This is not true for a great part of Carniolan dialects, which always preserve the hard velar consonant (as in Slovene) | ||
* a-stems are not differentiated by animacy | * a-stems are not differentiated by animacy | ||
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=== Feminine Declension === | === Feminine Declension === | ||
Feminine nouns are declined according to four patterns. Majority of them belong to the a-stem declension, which is further divided into hard and soft. Carnian differs from Slovene and Serbo-Croatian in preserving this distinction although the differences | Feminine nouns are declined according to four patterns. Majority of them belong to the a-stem declension, which is further divided into hard and soft. Carnian differs from Slovene and Serbo-Croatian in preserving this distinction although the differences have been leveled, just as in masculine nouns. | ||
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