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Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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Minituarised Signs in IPA marking Phonation
(Minituarised Signs in IPA marking Phonation) |
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====Vowel Phonation==== | ====Vowel Phonation==== | ||
Antarctican also has a pitch register system (like Burmese and Vietnamese). Modal, tense or breathy voice can occur on either short or long vowels. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a | Antarctican also has a pitch register system (like Burmese and Vietnamese). Modal, tense or breathy voice can occur on either short or long vowels. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a small pharyngeal stop after the syllable e.g. /aˤ/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a small voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /aʱ/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g. | ||
*kow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive | *kow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive | ||
*ków /kou&# | *ków /kouˤ/ - bigot, absolutive | ||
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ká /ka&# | ká /kaˤ/ - coconut milk, absolutive | ||
'ká /ka&# | 'ká /ˤkaˤ/ - fence, absolutive | ||
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waká /waka&# | waká /wakaˤ/ - his / her coconut milk, absolutive | ||
'wáká /wa&# | 'wáká /ˤwaˤkaˤ/ - his / her fence, absolutive | ||
Words beginning with a glottal stop only ever have modal floating phonation e.g. | Words beginning with a glottal stop only ever have modal floating phonation e.g. | ||
ámáelái /ʔa&# | ámáelái /ʔaˤmɛˤlaiˤ/ - prey, absolutive | ||
wa-ámáelái /waʔa&# | wa-ámáelái /waʔaˤmɛˤlaiˤ/ - his / her prey, absolutive (never wá-ámáelái) | ||
====Vowel Mutation==== | ====Vowel Mutation==== | ||
When a process such as the above changes the phonation of a vowel, often its quality changes as well. E.g. the possessive prefix for inclusive "we" is yew- /jeu/, however, when it acquires tense voice, it becomes 'yáew- /jɛu&# | When a process such as the above changes the phonation of a vowel, often its quality changes as well. E.g. the possessive prefix for inclusive "we" is yew- /jeu/, however, when it acquires tense voice, it becomes 'yáew- /ˤjɛuˤ/ e.g. | ||
yewká /jeuka&# | yewká /jeukaˤ/ - our (including you) coconut milk, absolutive | ||
'yáewká /jɛu&# | 'yáewká /ˤjɛuˤkaˤ/ - our (including you) fence, absolutive | ||
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tõn /tɔ | tõn /tɔ?/ - change (as in coins, money), absolutive | ||
yoewtõn /jɘutɔ | yoewtõn /jɘutɔ?/ - our (including you) change, absolutive | ||
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*Ejectives are only ever found separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word). | *Ejectives are only ever found separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word). | ||
*The velar nasals /kŋ/ and /ŋ/ never occur at the beginning of words. | *The velar nasals /kŋ/ and /ŋ/ never occur at the beginning of words. | ||
*The alveolar stops /t/ and /d/, and the velar fricative /χ/ are never found before /i/ and /ɨ/ (with any phonation), nor before tense voice /e&# | *The alveolar stops /t/ and /d/, and the velar fricative /χ/ are never found before /i/ and /ɨ/ (with any phonation), nor before tense voice /eˤ/ and /ɘˤ/, nor before diphthongs starting with these. | ||
*The phoneme /l/ is pronounced as a palatal lateral [ʎ] before a high vowel, [ɹ] before a vowel with tense voice (high vowels cannot have tense voice), and [l] elsewhere. | *The phoneme /l/ is pronounced as a palatal lateral [ʎ] before a high vowel, [ɹ] before a vowel with tense voice (high vowels cannot have tense voice), and [l] elsewhere. | ||
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For example, the antipassive voice is formed by an infix that comes after the first consonant of a word. For words that begin with a hard consonant, the infix is '''am''' /am/ (which contains a hard consonant) e.g. | For example, the antipassive voice is formed by an infix that comes after the first consonant of a word. For words that begin with a hard consonant, the infix is '''am''' /am/ (which contains a hard consonant) e.g. | ||
*zuutlòeji /zuːtɬɘ&# | *zuutlòeji /zuːtɬɘʱɟi/ - to know (a person), verb-focus | ||
*zamuutlòeji /zamuːtɬɘ&# | *zamuutlòeji /zamuːtɬɘʱɟi/ - to know (a person), verb-focus, antipassive | ||
However, if the word begins with a soft consonant, the infix is '''emy''' /emʲ/ e.g. | However, if the word begins with a soft consonant, the infix is '''emy''' /emʲ/ e.g. | ||