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Seggeynni: Difference between revisions
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The language documented here is spoken approximately a century after the initial migration. The vast majority of speakers are mixed-race descendents of Kämpya and Thangha' speakers. In addition to Seggeynni, almost all have a passive command of both Thangha' (still a common trade language in the region) and Kämpya (a liturgical language). | The language documented here is spoken approximately a century after the initial migration. The vast majority of speakers are mixed-race descendents of Kämpya and Thangha' speakers. In addition to Seggeynni, almost all have a passive command of both Thangha' (still a common trade language in the region) and Kämpya (a liturgical language). | ||
Like Thangha', there are many consonants which contrast secondary articulations, which affect the quality of adjacent vowels. Additionally, Seggeynni is characterised by an underlying simple syllable structure at the phonemic level, however many speakers "drop" vowels, so that consonant clusters are heard in the spoekn language. For example, phonemically the name of the language is /ˈséʕkə̀jə̀nə̀jə̀/, but, except when speaking extremely carefully, most speakers pronounce it as [ | Like Thangha', there are many consonants which contrast secondary articulations, which affect the quality of adjacent vowels. Additionally, Seggeynni is characterised by an underlying simple syllable structure at the phonemic level, however many speakers "drop" vowels, so that consonant clusters are heard in the spoekn language. For example, phonemically the name of the language is /ˈséʕkə̀jə̀nə̀jə̀/, but, except when speaking extremely carefully, most speakers pronounce it as [ˈséɠə̀iɲːì]. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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Long vowels with glottalised phonation diphthongise into centering diphthongs. For example, /ˈdʑíːʔpə̀/ - "deep" (descriptive) is pronounced [ | Long vowels with glottalised phonation diphthongise into centering diphthongs. For example, /ˈdʑíːʔpə̀/ - "deep" (descriptive) is pronounced [ˈdʑíəɓə̀]. | ||
Short vowels with tense phonation are pronounced with an epiglottal approximant [ʢ] after them e.g. /ɲḛ̂/ - "snare" is pronounced [ | Short vowels with tense phonation are pronounced with an epiglottal approximant [ʢ] after them e.g. /ɲḛ̂/ - "snare" is pronounced [ɲḭ̂ʢ]. | ||
The pronunciation of short vowels with breathy phonation varies depending on a variety of factors. At the end of words, they are normally pronounced with a final /ɦ/, or occasionally [z] or [ɹ]. If the vowel precedes an obstruent (stop, affricate or fricative), then a voiceless fricative is inserted, that is homorganic with the obstruent e.g. /sə́ˈçà̤tà/ - "sister" is most often pronounced [síˈçæ̤̀stà]. However this is in free variation with preaspiration, so the word for sister can also be pronounced as [síˈçæ̤̀ʰtà]. If the vowel precedes a sonorant, then it is pronounced geminated and with breathy voice e.g. / | The pronunciation of short vowels with breathy phonation varies depending on a variety of factors. At the end of words, they are normally pronounced with a final /ɦ/, or occasionally [z] or [ɹ]. If the vowel precedes an obstruent (stop, affricate or fricative), then a voiceless fricative is inserted, that is homorganic with the obstruent e.g. /sə́ˈçà̤tà/ - "sister" is most often pronounced [síˈçæ̤̀stà]. However this is in free variation with preaspiration, so the word for sister can also be pronounced as [síˈçæ̤̀ʰtà]. If the vowel precedes a sonorant, then it is pronounced geminated and with breathy voice e.g. /dè̤nə̀/ - "to dance" is usually pronounced [dè̤n̤ːə̀]. | ||
===Tone Patterns=== | ===Tone Patterns=== | ||
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| Seggeynni || /ˈséʕkə̀jə̀nə̀jə̀/ || [ˈséɠːə̀iɲːì] || [ˈséʔkìnì] || */ˈsɛ́ʔkìnì/ | | Seggeynni || /ˈséʕkə̀jə̀nə̀jə̀/ || [ˈséɠːə̀iɲːì] || [ˈséʔkìnì] || */ˈsɛ́ʔkìnì/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| forest || /ˈfò̤ɥə̀tə̀/ || [ | | forest || /ˈfò̤ɥə̀tə̀/ || [ˈfòy̤stə̀]] || [ˈpʰò̤wèt] || */ˈfɔ̤̀wèt/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sister || /sə́ˈçà̤tà/ || [síˈçæ̤̀stà] || /ˈsʰì̤tà/ || */ˈsʰì̤tà/ | | sister || /sə́ˈçà̤tà/ || [síˈçæ̤̀stà] || /ˈsʰì̤tà/ || */ˈsʰì̤tà/ | ||
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vs. | vs. | ||
/ˈjḛ̂ɲə̀mə̀jə̀ ˈqòʔɲátə́=pə́má | /ˈjḛ̂ɲə̀mə̀jə̀ ˈqòʔɲátə́=pə́má dʑə́ˈpˤâ̰ːɽə̀-ɕə́ŋə́ ˈwà̰ːnə́ mǎ̤ːnə̀/ | ||
[ˈjêʢɲìmːʲì ˈqɔ̀ɲ̰ːɛ́pːə́má ˈdʑɘ́ˈpˤɑ̰̀ːɽɘ́ɕíⁿ ˈwà̰ːnə́ mǎ̤ːnə̀] | [ˈjêʢɲìmːʲì ˈqɔ̀ɲ̰ːɛ́pːə́má ˈdʑɘ́ˈpˤɑ̰̀ːɽɘ́ɕíⁿ ˈwà̰ːnə́ mǎ̤ːnə̀] | ||