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Proto-Ftseezhic: Difference between revisions
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
m n ŋ p t c cz ξ k q b d dz dż dλ g f þ s sz σ x w r l j /m n ŋ p t ts tʂ tɬ k ʔ b d dz dʐ dɮ g f θ s ʂ ɬ x w r l j/ | m n ŋ p t c cz ξ k q b d dz dż dλ g f þ s sz σ x w r l j /m n ŋ p t ts tʂ tɬ k ʔ b d dz dʐ dɮ g f θ s ʂ ɬ x w r l j/ | ||
====PM cluster reflexes==== | |||
<sup>B</sup> = breaking of preceding vowel (occurs before ''x'' or certain consonants/clusters, such as retroflexes/uvulars) | |||
mp nt nts ntɬ ɳʈʂ ɳʈ ŋk ŋkʷ ŋq > mf nþ ns nσ <sup>B</sup>nsz <sup>B</sup>nþ nx nf <sup>B</sup>nx | |||
mb nd ndz ndɮ ɳɖʐ ɳɖ ŋg ŋgʷ ŋɢ > mb nd ndz ndλ <sup>B</sup>ndż <sup>B</sup>nd ng mb <sup>B</sup>ng | |||
mpʼ ntʼ ntsʼ ntɬʼ ɳʈʂʼ ɳʈʼ ŋkʼ ŋkʷʼ ŋqʼ > mp nt nc nξ <sup>B</sup>ncz <sup>B</sup>nt nk mp <sup>B</sup>nk | |||
mm ml mɭ mn mɳ mŋ mj mʔ > mm ml <sup>B</sup>mr mn <sup>B</sup>mn mŋ mj mq | |||
ll lm ln ɭɳ lŋ ly lʔ ɭɭ > ll lm ln <sup>B</sup>rn lŋ ly lq rr | |||
nm nn nʔ ɳɳ ɳʔ ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋʔ > nm nn nq rr <sup>B</sup>rq ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋq | |||
lp lt lts ltɬ ɭʈʂ ɭʈ lk lkʷ lq lb ld ldz ldɮ ɭɖʐ ɭɖ lg lgʷ lɢ lpʼ ltʼ ltsʼ ltɬʼ ɭʈʂʼ ɭʈʼ lkʼ lkʷʼ lqʼ > lf lþ ls σσ <sup>B</sup>rsz Rrt lk lp <sup>B</sup>rk lb ld ldz ll <sup>B</sup>rdż <sup>B</sup>rd lg lb <sup>B</sup>rg | |||
sp st stɬ ʂʈ sk skʷ sq spʼ stʼ stɬʼ ʂʈʼ skʼ skʷʼ sqʼ sb sd sdɮ ʂɖ sg sgʷ sɢ > sp st sξ Rszt sk sp Rsk sp sp st sξ <sup>B</sup>szt sk sp Rsk sp sb zd zλ Rżd zg zb <sup>B</sup>zg | |||
tsp tst ʈʂʈ tsk tskʷ tsq > sp st <sup>B</sup>szt sk sp <sup>B</sup>sk | |||
tsʼpʼ tsʼtʼ ʈʂʼʈʼ tsʼkʼ tsʼkʷʼ tsʼqʼ > cp ct <sup>B</sup>czt ck cp <sup>B</sup>ck | |||
sm sn ʂɳ sŋ sl ʂɭ sw sj sʔ > sn sn <sup>B</sup>szn sŋ sl <sup>B</sup>szr sw sj sq | |||
tsm tsn ʈʂɳ tsŋ tsl tʂɭ tsw tsj > sm sn <sup>B</sup>szn sŋ sl <sup>B</sup>szr sw sj | |||
dzm dzn ɖʐɳ dzŋ dzl ɖʐɭ dzw dzj > zm zn <sup>B</sup>żn zŋ zl <sup>B</sup>żr zw zj | |||
tsʼm tsʼn ʈʂʼɳ tsʼŋ > cm cn <sup>B</sup>czn cŋ | |||
ɬp ɬt ɬʈ ɬk ɬkʷ ɬq ɬpʼ ɬtʼ ɬʈʼ ɬkʼ ɬkʷʼ ɬqʼ > σp σt <sup>B</sup>σt σk σp <sup>B</sup>σk | |||
ɬb ɬd ɬɖ ɬg ɬgʷ ɬɢ > lb ld <sup>B</sup>ld lg lb <sup>B</sup>lg | |||
tɬp tɬt tɬʈ tɬk tɬkʷ tɬq tɬʼpʼ tɬʼtʼ tɬʼʈʼ tɬkʼ tɬkʷʼ tɬqʼ > σp σξ <sup>B</sup>σξ σk σp <sup>B</sup>σk ξp ξξ <sup>B</sup>ξξ ξk ξp <sup>B</sup>ξk | |||
ɬm ɬn ɬɳ ɬŋ ɬw ɬj tɬm tɬn tɬɳ tɬŋ tɬw tɬj > σm σn <sup>B</sup>σr σŋ σw σj σm σn <sup>B</sup>σr σŋ σw σj | |||
dɮm dɮn dɮɳ dɮŋ dɮw dɮj > λm λn <sup>B</sup>λn λŋ λw λj | |||
tɬʼm tɬʼn tɬʼɳ tɬʼŋ tɬʼw tɬʼj > ξm ξn <sup>B</sup>ξn ξŋ ξw ξj | |||
pt pʈ pk pkʷ pq pd pɖ pɡ pɡʷ pɢ pʼtʼ pʼʈʼ pʼkʼ pʼkʷʼ pʼqʼ > ft ft <sup>B</sup>fk pp <sup>B</sup>fk bd bd bg bb <sup>B</sup>bg pt <sup>B</sup>pt pk pp <sup>B</sup>pk | |||
tp tk tkʷ tq tb tg tgʷ tɢ t'p' t'k' t'kʷ' t'q' > þp þk þp <sup>B</sup>þk db dg db <sup>B</sup>dg tp tk tp <sup>B</sup>tk | |||
kp kt kʈ kb kd kɖ k'p' k't' k'ʈ' kʷt kʷʈ kʷd kʷɖ kʷ't' kʷ'ʈ' qp qʈ q'p' q'ʈ' > <sup>B</sup>xp <sup>B</sup>xt <sup>B</sup>xt gb gd <sup>B</sup>gd kp kt <sup>B</sup>kt ft <sup>B</sup>ft vd <sup>B</sup>vd pt <sup>B</sup>pt <sup>B</sup>xp <sup>B</sup>xt <sup>B</sup>kp <sup>B</sup>kt | |||
ps pɬ pʂ pts ptɬ pʈʂ pdz pdɮ pɖʐ p'ts' p'tɬ' p'tʂ' > fs fσ <sup>B</sup>fsz fc fξ <sup>B</sup>fcz vdz vdλ <sup>B</sup>vdż pc pξ <sup>B</sup>pcz | |||
ks kɬ kʂ kts ktɬ kʈʂ kdz kdɮ kɖʐ k'ts' k'tɬ' k'ʈʂ' qɬ qʂ > <sup>B</sup>ks <sup>B</sup>kσ <sup>B</sup>ksz <sup>B</sup>xc <sup>B</sup>xξ <sup>B</sup>xcz gdz gdλ <sup>B</sup>gdż kc kξ <sup>B</sup>kcz <sup>B</sup>kσ <sup>B</sup>ksz | |||
pn pɳ pŋ pl pɭ pj bj tm tn ʈɳ tŋ tl ʈɭ tj dj tsj dzj tɬj dɮj km kn kɳ kŋ kl kɭ kʷm kʷn kʷɳ kʷl kʷɭ qm qɳ qŋ qɭ > fn <sup>B</sup>fn fŋ fl <sup>B</sup>fr fj bj þm þn <sup>B</sup>þn þŋ þl <sup>B</sup>þr þj dj sj dzj σj λj <sup>B</sup>xm <sup>B</sup>xn <sup>B</sup>xn <sup>B</sup>xŋ <sup>B</sup>xl <sup>B</sup>xr xm fn <sup>B</sup>fn fl <sup>B</sup>fr <sup>B</sup>xm <sup>B</sup>xr <sup>B</sup>xŋ <sup>B</sup>xr | |||
xm xn xɳ xŋ xp xt xʈ xk xʔ xb xd xɖ xɡ xɡʷ xɢ xpʼ xtʼ xʈʼ xkʼ xs xɬ xʂ xts xtɬ xtʂ xdz xdɮ xdʐ xtsʼ xtɬʼ xtʂʼ xl xɭ xj xʷm xʷn xʷɳ xʷŋ xʷp xʷt xʷʈ xʷkʷ xʷʔ xʷb xʷd xʷɖ xʷɡʷ xʷpʼ xʷtʼ xʷʈʼ xʷkʷʼ xʷs xʷɬ xʷʂ xʷts xʷtɬ xʷtʂ xʷdz xʷdɮ xʷdʐ xʷtsʼ xʷtɬʼ xʷtʂʼ xʷl xʷɭ xʷj χm χn χɳ χŋ χp χt χʈ χq χʔ χb χd χɖ χɢ χpʼ χtʼ χʈʼ χqʼ χs χɬ χʂ χts χtɬ χtʂ χdz χdɮ χdʐ χtsʼ χtɬʼ χtʂʼ χl χɭ χj > see laryngeal reflexes. | |||
mx nx ɳx ŋx px tx ʈx kx bx dx ɖx ɡx pʼx tʼx ʈʼx kʼx sx ɬx ʂx tsx tɬx tʂx dzx dɮx dʐx tsʼx tɬʼx tʂʼx lx ɭx mxʷ nxʷ ɳxʷ ŋxʷ pxʷ txʷ ʈxʷ kʷxʷ ʔxʷ bxʷ dxʷ ɖxʷ ɡʷxʷ pʼxʷ tʼxʷ ʈʼxʷ kʷʼxʷ sxʷ ɬxʷ ʂxʷ tsxʷ tɬxʷ tʂxʷ dzxʷ dɮxʷ dʐxʷ tsʼxʷ tɬʼxʷ tʂʼxʷ lxʷ ɭxʷ mχ nχ ɳχ ŋχ pχ tχ ʈχ qχ ʔχ bχ dχ ɖχ ɢχ pʼχ tʼχ ʈʼχ qʼχ sχ ɬχ ʂχ tsχ tɬχ tʂχ dzχ dɮχ dʐχ tsʼχ tɬʼχ tʂʼχ lχ ɭχ mh nh ɳh ŋh ph th ʈh kh kʷh qh bh dh ɖh ɡh ɡʷh ɢh tsh tɬh tʂh dzh dɮh dʐh lh ɭh > laryngeal vanishes | |||
ʔm ʔn ʔɳ ʔŋ ʔp ʔt ʔʈ ʔk ʔkʷ ʔq ʔb ʔd ʔɖ ʔɡ ʔɡʷ ʔɢ ʔpʼ ʔtʼ ʔʈʼ ʔkʼ ʔkʷʼ ʔqʼ ʔs ʔɬ ʔʂ ʔx ʔxʷ ʔχ ʔts ʔtɬ ʔtʂ ʔdz ʔdɮ ʔdʐ ʔtsʼ ʔtɬʼ ʔtʂʼ ʔw ʔl ʔɭ ʔj hm hn hɳ hŋ hp ht hʈ hk hkʷ hq hb hd hɖ hɡ hɡʷ hɢ hpʼ htʼ hʈʼ hkʼ hkʷʼ hqʼ hs hɬ hʂ hts htɬ htʂ hdz hdɮ hdʐ htsʼ htɬʼ htʂʼ hl hɭ hj > h disappears earlier, lengthening a ə i u > ā ə̄ ī ū; rest of the clusters remain the same, except ʔp ʔt ʔʈ ʔk ʔkʷ ʔq ʔb ʔd ʔɖ ʔɡ ʔɡʷ ʔɢ > qp qt <sup>B</sup>qt qk <sup>B</sup>qk qp qt <sup>B</sup>qt qk <sup>B</sup>qk | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||