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Gaju (view source)

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|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), Rttirri
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), Rttirri
}}
}}
'''Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Gaju: ['käcu], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) is a minority language in [[Verse:Rttirria|Rttirria]], spoken by the Gaju people in the eastern part of the country. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language.
'''Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Gaju: ['kä˩cu˥], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) is a minority language in [[Verse:Rttirria|Rttirria]], spoken by the Gaju people in the eastern part of the country. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language.


The language has been documented from the [[Old Gaju]] period in the 14th century. While it was used widely across much of eastern Rttirria at that time, its homeland has slowly shrunken over time into the countryside, small towns, and jungles as Rttirri has come to dominate the national landscape. The Gaju community, as well as some ethnically Rttirri Easterners resenting Western cultural influence, has pushed for greater recognition and representation of Gaju and other minority languages. In the 1970s, it became an official language of all of Rttirria; citizens have the right to receive voting ballots, drivers' license exams, court interpreters, and other official documents and proceedings in the Gaju language.
The language has been documented from the [[Old Gaju]] period in the 14th century. While it was used widely across much of eastern Rttirria at that time, its homeland has slowly shrunken over time into the countryside, small towns, and jungles as Rttirri has come to dominate the national landscape. The Gaju community, as well as some ethnically Rttirri Easterners resenting Western cultural influence, has pushed for greater recognition and representation of Gaju and other minority languages. In the 1970s, it became an official language of all of Rttirria; citizens have the right to receive voting ballots, drivers' license exams, court interpreters, and other official documents and proceedings in the Gaju language.
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An example of four words distinguished only by tone:
An example of four words distinguished only by tone:
*'''High:''' ''ga'' ("day"), cognate to Rttirri ''ya''
*'''High:''' ''ga'' ("day"), cognate to Rttirri ''ya''
*'''Low:''' ''gà'' ("room, chamber"), cognate to Rttirri ''yau''
*'''Low:''' ''gạ'' ("room, chamber"), cognate to Rttirri ''yau''
*'''Rising:''' ''gâ'' ("sir"), cognate to Rttirri ''yaya'' ("socialite")
*'''Rising:''' ''gá'' ("sir"), cognate to Rttirri ''yaya'' ("socialite")
*'''Falling:''' ''gǎ'' ("garbage"), a borrowing from Thai [[Wiktionary:กาก|กาก]] ''gàak''
*'''Falling:''' ''gà'' ("garbage"), a borrowing from Thai [[Wiktionary:กาก|กาก]] ''gàak''


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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Loanwords containing syllables ending in a consonant other than one of these, or containing consonant clusters, usually make use of an epenthetic /ə/:
Loanwords containing syllables ending in a consonant other than one of these, or containing consonant clusters, usually make use of an epenthetic /ə/:
* ''peensììlùù'' [pʰɛn˥.sɪ˩.lə˩] "pencil"
* ''pânsệlợ'' [pʰɛn˥.sɪ˩.lə˩] "pencil"
* ''eelùùchùùbùùlùù'' [ɛ˥.lə˩.t͡ʃə˩.pə˩.lə˩] "algebra"
* ''âlợchợbợlợ'' [ɛ˥.lə˩.t͡ʃə˩.pə˩.lə˩] "algebra"
* ''shùùneenùpaì'' [ʃə˩nɛ˥nu˩pʰä˥i˩] "comics" (from Rttirri)
* ''shợnânụpaị'' [ʃə˩nɛ˥nu˩pʰä˥i˩] "comics" (from Rttirri)


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
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|-
|-
! Mood
! Mood
| ''fa-'' (polite imperative)<br>''nang-'' (subjunctive)<br>''kan-'' (conditional)<br>''khaa-'' (imperative)
| ''fa-'' (polite imperative)<br>''nang-'' (subjunctive)<br>''kan-'' (conditional)<br>''khă-'' (imperative)
|-
|-
! Tense
! Tense
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|-
|-
! Auxiliary Verb
! Auxiliary Verb
| ''-(k)àng'' ("to be able to")<br>''-(à)kà'' ("to need to")<br>''-(d)èng'' ("to want to")<br>''-(g)ùng'' ("to force to")<br>and others
| ''-(k)ạng'' ("to be able to")<br>''-(ạ)kạ'' ("to need to")<br>''-(d)ẹng'' ("to want to")<br>''-(g)ụng'' ("to force to")<br>and others
|}
|}


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Example:
Example:
:Ma gìka-ge ma mà '''nye'''-gàkung.
:Ma gịka-ge ma mạ '''nye'''-gạkung.
:1PL.NOM parent-ACC PL 1PL.GEN FUT-visit
:1PL.NOM parent-ACC PL 1PL.GEN FUT-visit
:We will visit our parents tomorrow.
:We will visit our parents tomorrow.
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|-
|-
| dative
| dative
| ''-(ty)â''
| ''-(ty)á''
|-
|-
| ablative
| ablative
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|-
|-
| locative
| locative
| ''-(l)î''
| ''-(l)í''
|-
|-
| comitative
| comitative
| ''-(aa)daa''
| ''-(ă)dă''
|-
|-
| instrumental
| instrumental
| ''-(w)ǎm''
| ''-(w)àm''
|-
|-
| vocative
| vocative
| ''-(a)saa''
| ''-(a)să''
|}
|}


Cases other than the nominative may be used alongside adpositional particles.
Cases other than the nominative may be used alongside adpositional particles.


:Shilia lashi fû khùùti nam bùki-'''lî''' hwò nùbom bo-fala.
:Shilia lashi fú khợti nam bụki-'''lí''' hwọ nụbom bo-fala.
:fox red very quick PERF dog-LOC lazy over PST-jump
:fox red very quick PERF dog-LOC lazy over PST-jump
:The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
:The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
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|-
|-
| my
| my
| ''nà''
| ''nạ''
|-
|-
| your
| your
| ''kòm''
| ''kọm''
|-
|-
| his/her/its
| his/her/its
| ''fôm''
| ''fóm''
|-
|-
| our
| our
| ''mà''
| ''mạ''
|-
|-
| all of your
| all of your
| ''tsà''
| ''tsạ''
|-
|-
| their
| their
| ''dàà''
| ''dặ''
|}
|}


Gaju essentially has no [[w:grammatical gender|grammatical gender]]. However, speakers may optionally substitute ''hni'' for the third-person singular pronoun ''la'', derived from ''hnini'' ("girl"), to explicitly communicate that someone is female. The accusative form of ''hni'' is ''hni ke'', and the genitive is ''hni fôm''. This usage is generally prescribed against and avoided in formal speech.
Gaju essentially has no [[w:grammatical gender|grammatical gender]]. However, speakers may optionally substitute ''hni'' for the third-person singular pronoun ''la'', derived from ''hnini'' ("girl"), to explicitly communicate that someone is female. The accusative form of ''hni'' is ''hni ke'', and the genitive is ''hni fóm''. This usage is generally prescribed against and avoided in formal speech.


===Derivation===
===Derivation===
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|-
|-
! Verb
! Verb
| ''-syùùto'' (to do an X-like thing)
| ''-syợto'' (to do an X-like thing)
| -
| -
| colspan="2" | ''-dosyùù''
| colspan="2" | ''-dosyợ''
|-
|-
! Adjective<br>or Determiner
! Adjective<br>or Determiner
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|-
|-
! English
! English
! Old Gaju
! Gaju
|-
|-
| who/whom
| who/whom
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|-
|-
| when
| when
| ''dìn''
| ''dịn''
|-
|-
| where
| where
| ''dâng''
| ''dáng''
|-
|-
| why
| why
| ''dìtà''
| ''dịtạ''
|-
|-
| how
| how
| ''dûng''
| ''dúng''
|}
|}


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A common usage of OSV word order is to draw attention to the object, such as to evoke pity:
A common usage of OSV word order is to draw attention to the object, such as to evoke pity:


:Là-'''ge''' chang kung fôm nam la bo-bom.
:Lạ-'''ge''' chang kung fóm nam la bo-bom.
:child-ACC beautiful three 3SG.GEN PERF 3SG.NOM PST-abandon
:child-ACC beautiful three 3SG.GEN PERF 3SG.NOM PST-abandon
:He abandoned his three beautiful children.
:He abandoned his three beautiful children.
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| because
| because
|-
|-
| ''khùùtom''
| ''khợtom''
| before
| before
|-
|-
| ''nààku''
| ''nặku''
| after
| after
|-
|-
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| until
| until
|-
|-
| ''wààku''
| ''wặku''
| although
| although
|}
|}
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Relative particles are marked with the particle ''ùùtyu'', which can be declined for case.
Relative particles are marked with the particle ''ùùtyu'', which can be declined for case.


:Dâng demo ma ùùtyu-'''ge''' na bu-pìpu?
:Dáng demo ma ợtyu-'''ge''' na bu-pịpu?
:where dumpling PL that-ACC 1SG.NOM PST-bake exist
:where dumpling PL that-ACC 1SG.NOM PST-bake exist
:Where are the dumplings that I baked?
:Where are the dumplings that I baked?
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Independent clauses are demarcated with the particle ''shu''.
Independent clauses are demarcated with the particle ''shu''.


:La nam du-dì '''shu''' la laa-tyâ ùùta-dèng.
:La nam du-dị '''shu''' la lă-tyá ợta-dẹng.
:3SG.NOM PERF PST-say that 3SG.NOM home-DAT go-want.
:3SG.NOM PERF PST-say that 3SG.NOM home-DAT go-want.
:She said that she wanted to go home.
:She said that she wanted to go home.
Frrurtu
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