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SamSkandinavisk adjectives: Difference between revisions
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Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- a indefinite declension and a definite declension. In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form | |||
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este'''. A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by ''umlaut'' when forming the comparative and superlative. eg '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. For example, with '''god''' (''good'') the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. | |||
=====Adverbs===== | |||
Adjectives must have a '''-t''' suffix added to be used as adverbs. | |||
Rules: | Rules: | ||
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Indefinite: | Indefinite: | ||
The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. | The indefinite singular forms end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. | ||
tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled) | eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (enabled) | ||
Indefinite Plural and Definite | Indefinite Plural and Definite | ||
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te | The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''', or '''-te''' | ||
These forms follow the form of the past tense of the weak form. | These forms follow the form of the past tense of the weak form. | ||
If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te. | If the past tense ends in '''-(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. | ||
tendede, aktiverede. | '''tendede''', '''aktiverede'''. | ||
Strong Verbs eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled) | Strong Verbs eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled) | ||
Indefinite Singular: | Indefinite Singular: | ||
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns eg skoren, afbruten. With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet | The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns eg '''skoren''', '''afbruten'''. With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg '''skoret''', '''afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. | ||
Indefinite plural and Definite: | Indefinite plural and Definite: | ||
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene. eg skorene, afbrutene. | The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene'''. eg '''skorene''', '''afbrutene'''. | ||
Past Participles as Adverbs | Past Participles as Adverbs | ||
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Weak Verbs | Weak Verbs | ||
-(e)t eg tendet, aktiveret | '''-(e)t''' eg '''tendet''', '''aktiveret''' | ||
Strong Verbs: | Strong Verbs: | ||
-et eg skoret, afbrutet | -et eg '''skoret''', '''afbrutet''' | ||
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Comparative | Comparative | ||
-ere | '''-ere''' | ||
regardless of indefinite, definite any gender or number and as adverb. | regardless of indefinite, definite any gender or number and as adverb. | ||
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Indefinite singular: | Indefinite singular: | ||
-est | '''-est''' for use with both common gender or neuter nouns | ||
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Indefinite Plural and Definite: | Indefinite Plural and Definite: | ||
-este | '''-este''' | ||
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Adverb: | Adverb: | ||
-est | '''-est''' | ||
Adjectives ending in -en. | Adjectives ending in -en. e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open'''(open),'''rotten'''(rotten) | ||
The behave like past paticiple adjectives (often these originally were) | |||
common -en. (galen | common '''-en'''. ('''galen''', '''open''', '''rotten''') Neuter -et ('''galen''', '''opet''', '''rottet''') | ||
Indefintie plural and definite '''-ene'''. ('''galene''', '''opene''', '''rottene''') | |||
Adverb: -et (galet, | Adverb: '''-et''' ('''galet''', '''opet''', '''rottet''') | ||
Adjectives ending in -t eg matt (tired), rett (right) | Adjectives ending in '''-t''' eg '''matt''' (tired), '''rett''' (right) | ||
No need to change for adverb | No need to change for adverb | ||
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No need to change for indefinite neuter | No need to change for indefinite neuter | ||
Add -e for definite eg matte, rette | Add '''-e''' for indefinite plural and definite eg '''matte''', '''rette''' | ||
Adjectives ending -d eg bred (wide | Adjectives ending '''-d''' eg '''bred''' (wide) | ||
add -t for indefinite neuter e.g. bred > bredt. The d becomes silent | add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' > '''bredt'''. The '''d''' becomes silent | ||
Add -e for definite. eg brede | Add '''-e''' for definite. eg '''brede''' | ||