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→Reciprocal and reflexive pronouns
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=====Reciprocal and reflexive pronouns===== | =====Reciprocal and reflexive pronouns===== | ||
The reciprocal pronoun is ''dede'' 'each other', 'one another'. It has the genitive form ''zyide''. | The reciprocal pronoun is '''''dede''''' 'each other', 'one another'. It has the genitive form '''''zyide'''''. | ||
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| colspan="6" | ''The man and the frog swapped bodies.'' | | colspan="6" | ''The man and the frog swapped bodies.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="6" | ''The man and the frog became each other.'' | | colspan="6" | Lit.: ''The man and the frog became each other.'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Reflexive pronouns may be formed by suffixing ''-zu'' onto any of the personal pronouns. In the first and second persons, the ''-zu'' is only used emphatically and otherwise dropped. In the third person, it is the ''zu'' that is kept, with the ''de'' disappearing. | Reflexive pronouns may be formed by suffixing '''''-zu''''' onto any of the personal pronouns. In the first and second persons, the '''''-zu''''' is only used emphatically and otherwise dropped. In the third person, it is the '''''zu''''' that is kept, with the '''''de''''' disappearing. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|+ '''Absolutive Pronouns''' | |+ '''Absolutive Pronouns''' | ||
|- | |- align=center | ||
! Person !! Singular !! Exclusive Plural !! Inclusive of 3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> !! Inclusive of 2<small><sup>nd</sup></small> | ! Person !! Singular !! Exclusive Plural !! Inclusive of 3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> !! Inclusive of 2<small><sup>nd</sup></small> | ||
|- | |- align=center | ||
! 1<small><sup>st</sup></small> ABS | ! 1<small><sup>st</sup></small> ABS | ||
| na(zu) || wena(zu) || wena(zu) || wana(zu) | | na(zu) || wena(zu) || wena(zu) || wana(zu) | ||
|- | |- align=center | ||
! 1<small><sup>st</sup></small> GEN | ! 1<small><sup>st</sup></small> GEN | ||
| nga(zu) || vyena(zu) || vyena(zu) || wona(zu) | | nga(zu) || vyena(zu) || vyena(zu) || wona(zu) | ||
|- | |- align=center | ||
! 2<small><sup>nd</sup></small> ABS | ! 2<small><sup>nd</sup></small> ABS | ||
| wa(zu) || wewa(zu) || wade(zu) || - | | wa(zu) || wewa(zu) || wade(zu) || - | ||
|- | |- align=center | ||
! 2<small><sup>nd</sup></small> GEN | ! 2<small><sup>nd</sup></small> GEN | ||
| wo(zu) || vyewa(zu) || | | wo(zu) || vyewa(zu) || wode(zu) || - | ||
|- | |- align=center | ||
! 3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> ABS | ! 3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> ABS | ||
| (de) zu || (dwe) zu / (de we) zu || - || - | | (de) zu || (dwe) zu / (de we) zu || - || - | ||
|- | |- align=center | ||
! 3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> GEN | ! 3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> GEN | ||
| zyizu / ya zu || zyizu (we) || - || - | | zyizu / ya zu || zyizu (we) || - || - | ||
|} | |||
Quite frequently, '''''-zu''''' attaches as a compound element on to the end of other nouns in order to create a lexical reflexive. Compare the following three sentences. | |||
:{| class="whitetable" | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="5" | '''''Na i ze ngu nga.''''' | |||
|- | |||
| na || i || ze || ngu || nga | |||
|- | |||
| 1s || <small>COP</small> || <small>NEG</small>.<small>E</small> || murder.<small>AG</small> || GEN.1s | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="5" | ''I'm not going to kill myself.'' | |||
|} | |||
:{| class="whitetable" | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="5" | '''''Na i ze ngu ngazu.''''' | |||
|- | |||
| na || i || ze || ngu || ngazu | |||
|- | |||
| 1s || <small>COP</small> || <small>NEG</small>.<small>E</small> || murder.<small>AG</small> || GEN.1s.<small>REFL</small> | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="5" | ''I'm not going to kill '''myself'''.'' | |||
|} | |||
:{| class="whitetable" | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="4" | '''''Na i ze nguzu.''''' | |||
|- | |||
| na || i || ze || nguzu | |||
|- | |||
| 1s || <small>COP</small> || <small>NEG</small>.<small>E</small> || murder.self.<small>AG</small> | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="5" | ''I'm not going to commit suicide.'' | |||
|} | |||
It should be noted that the reflexive pronouns are not used to highlight the subject, as they can in English. This is instead done by repeating the subject in an adjunctive modifier. | |||
:{| class="whitetable" | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="6" | '''''Na i ze ngu o na.''''' | |||
|- | |||
| na || i || ze || ngu || u || na | |||
|- | |||
| 1s || <small>COP</small> || <small>NEG</small>.<small>E</small> || murder.<small>AG</small> || ADJN || 1s | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="5" | ''I'm not going to kill (anyone) myself.'' | |||
|} | |} | ||