387
edits
User:Frrurtu/Sandbox: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
→Grammar
(→Verbs) |
|||
| Line 83: | Line 83: | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Proto-Rttirrian had a moderate degree of [[w:fusional language|fusional]] inflection. | Proto-Rttirrian had a moderate degree of [[w:fusional language|fusional]] inflection. | ||
Proto-Rttirrian had an [[w:animacy|animacy]] system, which was lost in all descendants, although some scholars consider [[Gaju]] to have (re)gained a rudimentary [[w:grammatical gender|grammatical gender]] system. In Proto-South-Rttirrian, the animate gender became dominant in the singular number, i.e. the surviving third-person singular inflectional affixes and pronouns are those that descend from the Proto-Rttirrian animate gender. However, in the plural number, the inanimate gender won out. For example, the [[Rttirri]] third-person singular ergative/possessive prefix is ''wa'', derived from the Proto-Rttirrian ''*l<sub>1</sub>a-'' (animate), but the third-person plural prefix is ''rta'', from the Proto-Rttirrian ''*rdam'' (inanimate). | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs inflected for the person, number, and animacy of the subject and for tense. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 123: | Line 125: | ||
| ''*akf-'' | | ''*akf-'' | ||
| ''*sam-'' | | ''*sam-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*l<sub>1</sub>a-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*rda-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*l<sub>1</sub>im-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*rdam-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Future | !Future | ||
| Line 133: | Line 135: | ||
| ''*akay-'' | | ''*akay-'' | ||
| ''*mi-'' | | ''*mi-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*l<sub>1</sub>i-'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*rdi-'' | ||
| colspan="2" | ''*mi-'' | | colspan="2" | ''*mi-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 143: | Line 145: | ||
| ''*l<sub>2</sub>am-'' | | ''*l<sub>2</sub>am-'' | ||
| ''*l<sub>2</sub>i-'' | | ''*l<sub>2</sub>i-'' | ||
| ''*l<sub>2</sub> | | ''*l<sub>2</sub>ard-'' | ||
| colspan="2" | ''*l<sub>2</sub>am-'' | | colspan="2" | ''*l<sub>2</sub>am-'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 150: | Line 152: | ||
* An ''i-'' was used to begin the stems of transitive verbs. By analogy, this would cause object pronouns to be affixed to the verb in Proto-South-Rttirrian. | * An ''i-'' was used to begin the stems of transitive verbs. By analogy, this would cause object pronouns to be affixed to the verb in Proto-South-Rttirrian. | ||
===Auxiliary verbs=== | |||
Ample auxiliary verbs were used. Some of these would later fuse to the verb to become inflectional moods. Similarly, certain past-tense and future-tense verb prefixes would become auxiliary verbs. | |||
Some of the most common auxiliary verbs are as follows: | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 186: | Line 191: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Future | ! Future | ||
| ''*- | | ''*-nagyi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Tense #4 | ! Tense #4 | ||
| ''*-l<sub>2</sub> | | ''*-l<sub>2</sub>agyi'' | ||
|} | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
There was an [[w:accusative case|accusative]] case used, but it was probably vestigial by the time that Proto-Rttirrian's dialects that would become its daughter languages split off: reflexes of the accusative are found only in a small number of nouns, plus all of the pronouns. | |||
The following noun suffixes were used: | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | Singular | |||
! colspan="2" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Animate | |||
! Inanimate | |||
! Animate | |||
! Inanimate | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| ''*-a'' | |||
| — | |||
| ''*-maz'' | |||
| ''*-ma'' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| ''*-ay/*-y'' | |||
| ''*-i/*-y'' | |||
| ''*-miz'' | |||
| ''*-mi'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== | The following pronouns are reconstructed. Note that many of the nominative pronouns end with ''*-tku''—in Proto-South-Rttirrian, this would be reanalyzed as an affix meaning "self" with a possessive prefix, cf. [[Rttirri]] ''nattu'' ("I", lit. "my self"). This affix is present both as an independent word for "self, identity" and as a general emphatic pronoun suffix in Rttirri and, to a lesser extent, [[Gaju]]. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="4" | | |||
!colspan="8" | Person | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2" | 1st | |||
!colspan="2" | 2nd | |||
!colspan="4" | 3rd | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2" | Sing. | |||
!rowspan="2" | Pl. | |||
!rowspan="2" | Sing. | |||
!rowspan="2" | Pl. | |||
!colspan="2" | Sing. | |||
!colspan="2" | Pl. | |||
|- | |||
! Anim. | |||
! Inan. | |||
! Anim. | |||
! Inan. | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative<br>(emphatic) | |||
| ''*natku'' | |||
| ''*napku'' | |||
| ''*atku'' | |||
| ''*satku'' | |||
| ''*l<sub>1</sub>atku'' | |||
| ''*rdartku'' | |||
| ''*l<sub>1</sub>apku'' | |||
| ''*rtapku'' | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| ''*ni'' | |||
| ''*may'' | |||
| ''*ki'' | |||
| ''*ksay'' | |||
| ''*gyu'' | |||
| ''*da'' | |||
| ''*guy'' | |||
| ''*day'' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive<br>noun prefix | |||
| ''*na-'' | |||
| ''*mi-'' | |||
| ''*akf'' | |||
| ''*sa'' | |||
| ''*l<sub>1</sub>a-'' | |||
| ''*rdu'' | |||
| ''*il<sub>1</sub>'' | |||
| ''*rda'' | |||
|} | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||