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Wena: Difference between revisions
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Wena has the following coordinating conjunctions. | Wena has the following coordinating conjunctions. | ||
{| | |||
:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Conjunction !! Gloss !! English | ! Conjunction !! Gloss !! English | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''gwe''''' || and.<small>SIMULT</small> || and simultaneously, and at the same time | | '''''gwe''''' || and.<small>SIMULT</small> / and || ''and simultaneously, and at the same time'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''do''''' || and.<small>SUBSEQ</small> || and then, then, and subsequently | | '''''do''''' || and.<small>SUBSEQ</small> / then || ''and then, then, and subsequently'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''dozye''''' || and.<small>CONSEQ</small> || so, and therefore, and consequently | | '''''dozye''''' || and.<small>CONSEQ</small> / thus || ''so, and therefore, and consequently'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''mye''''' || but || but | | '''''mye''''' || but || ''but'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''agwe''''' || or.<small>INCL</small> || and/or, or (and possibly both/all) | | '''''agwe''''' || or.<small>INCL</small> || ''and/or, or (and possibly both/all)'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''amye''''' || <small>XOR</small> || or (but not both/all) | | '''''amye''''' || <small>XOR</small> || ''or (but not both/all)'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
These conjunctions can all be used at any level of syntax, linking sentences, predicates, noun phrases or modifiers within noun phrases. | These conjunctions can all be used at any level of syntax, linking sentences, predicates, noun phrases or modifiers within noun phrases. | ||
When more than two items are linked, the conjunction appears between each pair, unlike in English where it appears only between the last two. For example the structure '''A, B, and C''' is, in Wena, '''A ''gwe'' B ''gwe'' C'''. | When more than two items are linked, the conjunction appears between each pair, unlike in English where it appears only between the last two. For example the structure '''A, B, and C''' is, in Wena, '''A ''gwe'' B ''gwe'' C'''. | ||
====Correlative coordination==== | ====Correlative coordination==== | ||
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The particle '''''a''''' (glossed: <small>COORD</small>) can be used to mark the beginning of a correlative phrase. They chiefly appear to disambiguate exactly which syntactic structures are being coordinated or for emphasis. The following structures exist. | The particle '''''a''''' (glossed: <small>COORD</small>) can be used to mark the beginning of a correlative phrase. They chiefly appear to disambiguate exactly which syntactic structures are being coordinated or for emphasis. The following structures exist. | ||
{| | |||
:{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''a'' '''X''' ''gwe'' '''Y || both X and Y | | '''''a'' '''X''' ''gwe'' '''Y || both X and Y | ||
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| '''''a'' '''X''' ''do'' '''Y || first X then Y | | '''''a'' '''X''' ''do'' '''Y || first X then Y | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''a'' '''X''' ''dozye'' '''Y || if X then Y | | '''''a'' '''X''' ''dozye'' '''Y || if X then Y / the X the Y | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''a'' '''X''' ''mye'' '''Y || "admittedly" X but Y | | '''''a'' '''X''' ''mye'' '''Y || "admittedly" X but Y | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| '''''a '''''(...)''''' ze myegi'' '''X''' ''mye gwe'' '''Y || not only X but also Y | | '''''a '''''(...)''''' ze myegi'' '''X''' ''mye gwe'' '''Y || not only X but also Y | ||
|} | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="7" | '''''De i hu a gu do vwe.''''' | |||
|- | |||
| de || i || hu || a || gu || do || vwe | |||
|- | |||
| <small>DEF</small>.<small>E</small> || <small>COP</small> || man || <small>COORD</small> || strike.<small>AG</small> || then || see.<small>AG</small> | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="7" | ''He's a "hit first, ask questions later" kind of guy.'' | |||
|} | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="14" | '''''A i he mbo u nyo i liba da dozye zyamo i liba homo.''''' | |||
|- | |||
| a || i || he || mbo || u || nyo || i || liba || da || dozye || zyamo || i || liba || homo | |||
|- | |||
| <small>COORD</small> || <small>COP</small> || should.<small>AG</small> || stay.<small>AG</small> || <small>ADJN</small> || <small>time</small> || <small>COP</small> || increasingly_intense.<small>E</small> || large.<small>E</small> || thus || food || <small>COP</small> || increasingly_intense.<small>E</small> || tasty.<small>E</small> | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="14" | ''The longer you have to wait, the better food tastes.'' | |||
|} | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="16" | '''''A i bawe nya lu vumba vyewa mye i he mbomu zyu hi mbalwe i dinggu.''''' | |||
|- | |||
| a || i || bawe || nya || lu || vumba || vyewa || mye || i || he || mbomu || zyu || hi || mbalwe || i || dinggu | |||
|- | |||
| <small>COORD</small> || <small>COP</small> || many.<small>E</small> || small_animal || <small>LOC</small>.<small>E</small> || room || <small>GEN</small>.2p || but || <small>COP</small> || should.<small>AG</small> || remember.<small>AG</small> || <small>GEN</small>.<small>C</small> || <small>DEM</small>.<small>E</small> || guesthouse || <small>COP</small> || cheap.<small>E</small> | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="12" | ''Yes, admittedly your room '''is''' full of creepy crawlies, but please remember: this guesthouse '''is''' cheap.'' | |||
|} | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="15" | '''''Wa i mwe a mbo lu hi u vwevwe igidigi amye me nga u gunggi.''''' | |||
|- | |||
| wa || i || mwe || a || mbo || lu || hi || u || vwevwe || igidigi || amye || me || nga || u || gunggi | |||
|- | |||
| 2s || <small>COP</small> || able.<small>E</small> || <small>COORD</small> || stay.<small>AG</small> || <small>LOC</small>.<small>E</small> || <small>DEM</small>.<small>E</small> || <small>ADJN</small> || watch.<small>AG</small> || ant || <small>XOR</small> || accompany.<small>AG</small> || <small>GEN</small>.1s || <small>ADJN</small> || beat_sago.<small>AG</small> | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="15" | ''You can either stay here twiddling your thumbs'' (lit. "watching ants") ''or come and beat sago with me.'' | |||
|} | |||
Additionally, in questions, the two versions of "either ... or" can be be used with '''h''' instead of having '''ha''' appear at the beginning of the sentence. This is much more usual for the exclusive "either ... or" than the inclusive. | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
| '''''ha'' '''X''' ''hagwe'' '''Y || either X or Y (or both)? | |||
|- | |||
| '''''ha'' '''X''' ''hamye'' '''Y || either X or Y (but not both)? | |||
|} | |} | ||