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'''Proto-North-Rttirrian''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of the North branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of [[Proto-Rttirrian]]. It was likely spoken around 300–400 CE in present-day [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]].
'''Old Zoki''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of Zoki and a few closely related languages spoken in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]]. It is part of the North Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of [[Proto-North-Rttirrian]].
 
==History==
:''See also: [[Proto-Rttirrian]]''
Proto-North-Rttirrian descended from [[Proto-Rttirrian]]. A summary of the major changes from Proto-North-Rttirrian follows:
* The old [[w:animacy|animacy]] system stopped being used to distinguish nouns or pronouns. However, the old third-person animacy affixes were reanalyzed as reflecting a different kind of verb, and innovated first-person and second-person verb inflections for this kind of verb as well. This new verb class, called ''Form II'' verbs by convention, represented a more mild meaning than ''Form I'' verbs. This represents a rudimentary form of what would grow into a complicated root-and-pattern inflectional system reminiscent of those of the [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]] languages.
* The "fourth tense" from Proto-Rttirrian, whose original function is unknown, became a sort of [[w:infinitive|infitinive]] or verbal noun mechanism.
* The old consonant transcribed as *''l<sub>1</sub>'' mutated to /x/ and devoiced all adjacent consonants, while the old consonant *''l<sub>2</sub>'' simply disappeared.
:* Adjacent to both *''l<sub>1</sub>'' and *''l<sub>2</sub>'', vowels mutated:
::* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/ä/ > /ɔ/
::* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/i/ > /e/
::* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/u/ > /o/
* Similarly, when adjacent to the approximant /j/, */a/ raised to /e/ and */u/ lowered to /o/. */a/ also raised to /e/ when adjacent to a fricative, and */u/ lowered past /o/ to /ɔ/ when adjacent to */k/ and */g/.
* The affricate /t͡ʃ/ shifted to /ʃ/. A voiced complement, /ʒ/, was formed by most instances of /z/ when adjacent to /i/, /e/, or /j/.
* <nowiki>*</nowiki>/w/ merged into the fricative /β/.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Proto-North-Rttirrian possessed the following consonants:
Old Zoki possessed the following consonants:


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!  |
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| *'''rl''' /ɭ/<br>*'''rr''' /ɻ/
| *'''rl''' /ɭ/<br>*'''rr''' /ɻ/
|}
|}
-->


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
The following vowels had evolved from the much simpler system of [[Proto-Rttirrian]]:
The following vowels were used:


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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Proto-North-Rttirrian retained much of the inflectional complexity of [[Proto-Rttirrian]], although its verbal affixes were starting to become more regularized and clearly separated between Form I and Form II.
Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.


===Verbs===
Note that Form V was marginal and only applicable to a handful of verb roots, mostly relating to ______ or ______.
The following verb prefixes are reconstructed:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
!rowspan="3" |
!colspan="6" | Verb Form I
!colspan="6" | Verb Form II
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
|-
! Sing.
!colspan="6"|Forms
! Pl.
!colspan="2"|Examples
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
|-
!Form
!Past
!Past
| ''*mo-''
| ''*mom-''
| ''*ap-''
| ''*am-''
| ''*bo-''
| ''*bom-''
| ''*mopa-''
| ''*mobam-''
| ''*apa-''
| ''*abam-''
| ''*papa-''
| ''*babam-''
|-
!Present
!Present
| ''*na-''
| ''*nam-''
| ''*af-''
| ''*sam-''
| ''*kha-''
| ''*khem-''
| ''*narda-''
| ''*nardam-''
| ''*arda-''
| ''*sardam-''
| ''*rdarda-''
| ''*rdardam-''
|-
!Future
!Future
| ''*ne-''
!Gerund
| ''*mi-''
!Meaning
| ''*ke-''
!Biliteral root: k-b (to stop)
| ''*mi-''
!Triliteral root: t-j-n (to bother)
| ''*khe-''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*nerdi-''
| ''*mirdi-''
| ''*kerdi-''
| ''*mirdi-''
| ''*rdirdi-''
| ''*mirdi-''
|-
|-
!Gerund/<br>Infinitive
! I
| ''*ân-''
| ''_ō_(e_)''
| ''*âm-''
| ''_ē_(e_)''
| ''*âk-''
| ''_ē_(?_)''
| ''*âm-''
| ''_ē_(?_)''
| ''*ekh-''
| to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly
| ''*âm-''
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly
| ''*ânârd-''
| ''tējen'' – he goes crazy
| ''*âmâm-''
| ''*âkârd-''
| ''*âmâm-''
| ''*ârdârd-''
| ''*âmâm-''
|}
 
Form II verb prefixes enacted some degree of ablaut on verbs:
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mo-i-viti gyo.
:1SG.NOM.PST.Form_I-TRANS-drag 3SG.ACC
:I dragged it.
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mopa-y'''a'''-v'''a'''t'''a''' gyo.
:1SG.NOM.PST.Form_II-TRANS-drag 3SG.ACC
:I tugged on it.
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Ân-kaba
:1SG.GER.Form_I-stop
:that I stop abruptly
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Ânârd-k'''â'''b'''â'''
:1SG.GER.Form_II-stop
:that I slow to a halt
 
===Nouns===
The following noun suffixes are reconstructed:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! II
! colspan="2" | Singular
| ''_ā_(a_)''
! colspan="2" | Plural
| ''_ā_(a_)''
| ''_ī_(?_)''
| ''_ấ_(?_)''
| to undergo a process weakly or gradually
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt
| ''tājan'' – he hesitates
|-
|-
! Normal
! III
! Diminutive
| ''_i_ō(_e)''
! Normal
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
! Diminutive
| ''_i_ē(_?)''
| ''_i_ē(_?)''
| to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly
| ''tijēne'' – he completely disrupts
|-
|-
! Nominative
! IV
| —
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''*-a''
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''*-ma''
| ''_i_ī(_?)''
| ''*-maz''
| ''_i_ấ(_?)''
| to act on someone/something weakly or gradually
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''tijāna'' – he annoys
|-
|-
! Accusative<br>(vestigial)
! V
| ''*-i/*-y''
|
| ''*-ey/*-y''
|
| ''*-mi''
|
| ''*-mizh''
|
|}
|
 
|
The following pronouns are reconstructed:
|
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="3" |
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
! Nominative<br>(emphatic)
| ''*naku''
| ''*napu''
| ''*atu''
| ''*saku''
| ''*âtu''
| ''*âku''
|-
! Accusative
| ''*ni''
| ''*mey''
| ''*ki''
| ''*ksey''
| ''*gyo''
| ''*goy''
|-
! Possessive<br>noun prefix
| ''*na-''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*ak-''
| ''*sa-''
| ''*â-''
| ''*e-''
|}
|}
Frrurtu
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