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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
====Plain==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|+ '''Single Consonants''' | |+ '''Single Consonants''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Bilabial !! Dental !! Velar !! Glottal | ! !! Bilabial !! Dental/<br>Alveolar/<br>Retroflex !! Velar !! Glottal !! Schäfer<br>Romanisation !! Tanner<br>Romanisation | ||
|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
| /'''m'''/<br>[m]<br | | style="vertical-align: top;| /'''m'''/<br>[m]<br> | ||
| /'''n'''/<br>[ | | style="vertical-align: top;| /'''n'''/<br>[n]<br>*<small>1</small> | ||
| /'''ŋ'''/<br>[ŋ]<br | | style="vertical-align: top;| /'''ŋ'''/<br>[ŋ]<br> | ||
| | | | ||
! < m n g > | |||
! < m n ng > | |||
|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| | | | ||
| /'''t'''/<br>[ | | /'''t'''/<br>[t]~[d]<br>*<small>1</small> *<small>2</small> | ||
| /'''k'''/<br>[k]~[g]<br>< | | /'''k'''/<br>[k]~[g]<br>*<small>2</small> | ||
| /'''ʔ'''/<br>[ʔ]<br><( | | /'''ʔ'''/<br>[ʔ]~Ø<br>*<small>3</small> | ||
! < t k (x) > | |||
! < t k (ʻ) > | |||
|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
| Line 41: | Line 46: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| /'''h'''/<br>[h]<br>< | | /'''h'''/<br>[h]~Ø<br>*<small>4</small> | ||
! < h > | |||
! < h > | |||
|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
! Tap / Lateral | ! Tap / Lateral | ||
| | | | ||
| /'''l'''/<br>[ɾ]~[l]<br>< | | /'''l'''/<br>[ɾ]~[l]*<small>1</small> <br>*<small>5</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
! < r > | |||
! < l > | |||
|} | |} | ||
The allophones | * <small>1</small> The phonemes /n t r/ are all most frequently dental but can also be alveolar or occasionally even retroflex | ||
* <small>2</small> The voiced allophones of /t/ and /k/ are more or less in free variation although both are used more frequently by men, more frequently within a word than initially, and [g] appears more often than [d]. | |||
* <small>3</small> The phoneme /ʔ/ is frequently elided word initially in casual speech. This largely depends on the surrounding vowels although in very casual speech it is virtually always elided in initial position. In both commonly used romanisations, it is not written at the beginning of a word. Any word that appears to begin with a vowel has at least an underlying glottal stop. A glottal stop within a word, however, is always pronounced and is thus indicated in both romanisation. | |||
* <small>4</small> Similarly, the glottal fricative /h/ is optionally elided from the beginning of monomoraic words (particles). It is, however, always written in the romanisations. It is not elided from polymoraic words. | |||
* <small>5</small> The phoneme /r/ has a variable pronunciation. Men tend to gravitate more towards [ɾ] and women towards [l] however speakers who pronounce /t/ as [d] (who are more often male) often use [l], presumably an example of dissimilation. | |||
====Doubled==== | |||
All consonants may be doubled and are then pronounced as geminate or "strong". This only occurs at the beginning of contentives in the genitive case and appears to have evolved out of syllable reduplication. | |||
All consonants may be doubled and are then pronounced as geminate or "strong". This only occurs at the beginning of | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|+ '''Doubled Consonants''' | |+ '''Doubled Consonants''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Bilabial !! Dental !! Velar !! Glottal | ! !! Bilabial !! Dental/<br>Alveolar/<br>Retroflex !! Velar !! Glottal !! Schäfer<br>Romanisation !! Tanner<br>Romanisation | ||
|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
| /'''mm'''/<br>[mː]~[mb] | | /'''mm'''/<br>[mː]~[mb] | ||
| /'''nn'''/<br>[ | | /'''nn'''/<br>[nː]~[nd] | ||
| /'''ŋŋ'''/<br>[ŋː]~[ŋg] | | /'''ŋŋ'''/<br>[ŋː]~[ŋg] | ||
| | | | ||
! < mm nn gg > | |||
! < mm nn nng > | |||
|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| | | | ||
| /'''tt'''/<br>[ | | /'''tt'''/<br>[tː]~[tʼ] | ||
| /'''kk'''/<br>[kː]~[kʼ] | | /'''kk'''/<br>[kː]~[kʼ] | ||
| /'''ʔʔ'''/<br>[ʔː]< | | /'''ʔʔ'''/<br>[ʔː] | ||
! < tt kk x > | |||
! < tt kk ʻ > | |||
|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
| Line 80: | Line 95: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| /'''hh'''/<br>[ɸ(ː)]~[p(ː)]<br><'''hh'''> | | /'''hh'''/<br>[ɸ(ː)]~[ʍ(ː)]~[p(ː)]<br><'''hh'''> / <'''wh'''> | ||
! < hh > | |||
! < wh > | |||
|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
! Tap / Lateral | ! Tap / Lateral | ||
| | | | ||
| /'''ll'''/<br>[r]~[lː]~[ | | /'''ll'''/<br>[r(ː)]~[lː]~[ld]<br><'''rr'''> / <'''ll'''> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
! < rr > | |||
! < ll > | |||
|} | |} | ||