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→‎Multiclausal sentences
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===Multiclausal sentences===
===Multiclausal sentences===


Multiclausal sentences are formed by simply placing word-clauses next to one another. Modifiers generally follow their heads but word-clause order is quite flexible, with different orders being used to shift emphasis.
Multiclausal sentences are formed by simply placing trisyllabic word-clauses next to one another. Modifiers generally follow their heads but word order is quite flexible, with different orders being used to shift emphasis.




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<br />
<br />
   
   
====Transitivity====  
====Sentences with Identifiers====


There is no explicit transitivity in Letaale. The direct object of a verb is frequently indicated with a clause containing '''''jomijo''''', which indicates that something is directly affected by another action.
Because identifiers do not have slots available for a noun's consonants or a verb's vowels to fit in, they must accompany a classifying noun or verb which indicates their role in the sentence. The identifier most commonly follows their classifying verb or noun. For people's names, the most common classifier used is '''''hiilemi''''' "the named one is named".




:{| class="graytable"
:{| class="graytable"
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | '''''Keemaxi mogivo.'''''
| colspan="20" | '''''Niimeni Xuatonugo.'''''
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈniːmeni ʔua̯ˈtonuŋo]</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈkeːmaʔi ˈmoŋiwo]</small>
| '''n_m_n_''' || I  || '''_ii_e_i''' || am named
|-
|-
| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey  || '''_ee_a_i''' || eats
| '''''Xua-'''''
| colspan="20" | ''<small>NAME OF TAHU IN ADMINISTRATIVE ROLE:</small>''  
|-
|-
| '''m_g_v_''' || the banana || '''_o_i_o''' || is directly affected
| '''''t_n_g''_''' || ''the big one''  || '''''_o_u_o''''' || ''is strange''
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | ''The monkey eats the banana.''
| colspan="20" | ''My name is Xuatonugo.''
|}
|}
'''''Jomijo''''' is, however, not simply an equivalent of an accusative case. In many instances, another root is used to indicate the roll of the object.




:{| class="graytable"
:{| class="graytable"
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | '''''Tuxanu keemuxee.'''''
| colspan="20" | '''''Halima Xuatonugo.'''''
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈhalima ʔua̯ˈtonuŋo]</small>
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈtuʔanu keːmuˈʔeː]</small>
| '''h_l_m_''' || the named one  || '''_a_i_a''' || is me
|-
|-
| '''t_x_n_''' || the hunter  || '''_u_a_u''' || kills
| '''''Xua-'''''
| colspan="20" | ''<small>NAME OF TAHU IN ADMINISTRATIVE ROLE:</small>''  
|-
|-
| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey || '''_ee_u_ee''' || dies
| '''''t_n_g''_''' || ''the big one''  || '''''_o_u_o''''' || ''is strange''
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | ''The hunter kills the monkey.''
| colspan="20" | ''Xuatonugo is me.''
|}
|}


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:{| class="graytable"
:{| class="graytable"
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | '''''Vijaaka lavitee.'''''
| colspan="20" | '''''Helumai Tuakuumoxu kimaixaa. Koomixuu togiho. '''''
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[heluˈmai̯ tua̯ˈkuːmoʔu kimai̯ˈʔaː | koːmiˈʔuː ˈtoŋiho]</small>
|-
| '''h_l_m_''' || the named one  || '''_e_u_ai''' || forces
|-
| '''''Tua-'''''
| colspan="20" | ''<small>NAME OF TAHU IN ACTIVE SERVICE:</small>''
|-
| '''''k_m_x''_''' || ''the monkey''  || '''''_e_ee_ii''''' || ''plays''
|-
| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey || '''_i_ai_aa''' || dances
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[wiˈʒaːka lawiˈteː]</small>
| _ || _ || _ || _
|-
|-
| '''v_j_k_''' || the bird  || '''_i_aa_a''' || constructs
| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey || '''_oo_i_uu''' || bites
|-
|-
| '''l_v_t_''' || the nest || '''_a_i_ee''' || comes into being
| '''t_g_h_''' || the ''tahu'' in active service || '''_o_i_o''' || is physically affected
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | ''The bird builds the nest.''
| colspan="20" | ''Tuakuumoxu forces the monkey dance. It bites him.''
|}
|}
Verbs that don't result in something being directly affected (such as "love", "see") are often present in Letaale as passives and the experiencer is indicated as a perceiver.




:{| class="graytable"
:{| class="graytable"
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | '''''Nemone viilove.'''''
| colspan="20" | '''''Tuamaagavu halaima kuheemii.'''''
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[tua̯ˈmaːŋavu hiˈla̯ima kuheːˈmiː]</small>
|-
| '''''Tua-'''''
| colspan="20" | ''<small>NAME OF TAHU IN ACTIVE SERVICE:</small>''  
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈnemone ˈwiːlowe]</small>
| '''''m_g_v''_''' || ''the banana''  || '''''_e_ee_ii''''' || ''is big''
|-
|-
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive
| '''h_l_m_''' || the named one || '''_a_ai_a''' || causes
|-
|-
| '''v_l_v_''' || you || '''_ii_o_e''' || are (be)loved
| '''k_h_m_''' || the house || '''_a_i_ee''' || is on fire
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | ''I love you.''
| colspan="20" | ''Tuamaagavu sets the house on fire.''
|}
|}
There are a range of other name classifiers, such as '''''nia-''''', which is used for animals.




:{| class="graytable"
:{| class="graytable"
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | '''''Nemone vailiva.'''''
| colspan="20" | '''''Xaijomuu niamalaixuu malima.'''''
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[ʔai̯ʒoˈmuː nia̯malai̯ˈʔuː ˈmalima] </small>
|-
| '''x_j_m_''' || an extisting one  || '''_ai_o_uu''' || is a bird
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈnemone ˈwai̯liwa]</small>
| '''''nia-'''''
| colspan="20" | ''<small>NAME OF ANIMAL:</small>''
|-
|-
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive
| '''''m_l_x_''''' || ''the blue one'' || '''''_a_ai_uu''''' || ''flies high''
|-
|-
| '''v_l_v_''' || you || '''_ai_i_a''' || are visible
| '''m_l_m_''' || the owner  || '''_a_i_a''' || is me
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | ''I see you.''
| colspan="20" | ''I have a hyacinth macaw.''
|}
|}
<br />
<br />
====Transitivity====


====Definiteness====
There is no explicit transitivity in Letaale. The direct object of a verb is frequently indicated using a root of '''''jomijo''''', which indicates that something is physically affected by another action.
 
There are no articles, but the subject of a clause is generally definite and the verb deals with something indefinite. [[Letaale#Inversion|''Inversion'']] (swapping the subject and the verb within a clause) is used to achieve this effect. The resulting transformations produce entirely different looking words, such as the change from '''''mogivo''''' (≈ "the banana") to '''''jimujai''''' (≈ "a banana") in the following sentences.




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| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey  || '''_ee_a_i''' || eats
| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey  || '''_ee_a_i''' || eats
|-
|-
| '''m_g_v_''' || the banana || '''_o_i_o''' || is directly affected
| '''m_g_v_''' || the banana || '''_o_i_o''' || is physically affected
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | ''The monkey eats the banana.''
| colspan="20" | ''The monkey eats the banana.''
|}
|}
'''''Jomijo''''' is, however, not simply an equivalent of an accusative case. In many instances, another root is used to indicate the roll of the object.




:{| class="graytable"
:{| class="graytable"
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | '''''Keemaxi jimujai.'''''
| colspan="20" | '''''Tuxanu keemuxee.'''''
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈkeːmaʔi ʒimuˈʒai̯]</small>
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈtuʔanu keːmuˈʔeː]</small>
|-
|-
| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey || '''_ee_a_i''' || eats
| '''t_x_n_''' || the hunter || '''_u_a_u''' || kills
|-
|-
| '''j_m_j_''' || what is directly affected || '''_i_u_ai''' || is a banana
| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey || '''_ee_u_ee''' || dies
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | ''The monkey eats a banana.''
| colspan="20" | ''The hunter kills the monkey.''
|}
|}
<br />
====Name-clauses====
Because name-clauses do not have slots available for a noun's consonants or a verb's vowels to fit in, they must accompany a classifying noun or verb which indicates their role in the sentence. The name-clause most commonly follows their classifying verb or noun. For people's names, the most common classifying word used is '''''hiilemi''''' "the named one is named".




:{| class="graytable"
:{| class="graytable"
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | '''''Niimeni xuatonugo.'''''
| colspan="20" | '''''Vijaaka lavitee.'''''
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈniːmeni ʔua̯ˈtonuŋo]</small>
| colspan="20" | <small>[wiˈʒaːka lawiˈteː]</small>
|-
|-
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_ii_e_i''' || am named
| '''v_j_k_''' || the bird || '''_i_aa_a''' || constructs
|-
|-
| '''''Xua-'''''
| '''l_v_t_''' || the nest || '''_a_i_ee''' || comes into being
| colspan="20" | ''<small>NAME OF TAHU IN ADMINISTRATIVE ROLE:</small>''
|-
|-
| '''''t_n_g''_''' || ''the big one''  || '''''_o_u_o''''' || ''is strange''
| colspan="20" | ''The bird builds the nest.''
|-
| colspan="20" | ''My name is Xuatonugo.''
|}
|}
Verbs that don't result in something being physically affected (such as "love", "see") are often present in Letaale as passives and the experiencer is indicated as a perceiver.




:{| class="graytable"
:{| class="graytable"
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | '''''Halima xuatonugo.'''''
| colspan="20" | '''''Nemone viilove.'''''
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈhalima ʔua̯ˈtonuŋo]</small>
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈnemone ˈwiːlowe]</small>
|-
|-
| '''h_l_m_''' || the named one || '''_a_i_a''' || is me
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive
|-
|-
| '''''Xua-'''''
| '''v_l_v_''' || you || '''_ii_o_e''' || are (be)loved
| colspan="20" | ''<small>NAME OF TAHU IN ADMINISTRATIVE ROLE:</small>''
|-
|-
| '''''t_n_g''_''' || ''the big one''  || '''''_o_u_o''''' || ''is strange''
| colspan="20" | ''I love you.''
|-
| colspan="20" | ''Xuatonugo is me.''
|}
|}


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:{| class="graytable"
:{| class="graytable"
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | '''''Helumai Tuakuumoxu kimaixaa. Koomixuu togiho. '''''
| colspan="20" | '''''Nemone vailiva.'''''
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[heluˈmai̯ tua̯ˈkuːmoʔu kimai̯ˈʔaː | koːmiˈʔuː ˈtoŋiho]</small>
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈnemone ˈwai̯liwa]</small>
|-
|-
| '''h_l_m_''' || the named one || '''_e_u_ai''' || forces
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive
|-
|-
| '''''Tua-'''''
| '''v_l_v_''' || you || '''_ai_i_a''' || are visible
| colspan="20" | ''<small>NAME OF TAHU IN ACTIVE SERVICE:</small>''
|-
|-
| '''''k_m_x''_''' || ''the monkey''  || '''''_e_ee_ii''''' || ''plays''
| colspan="20" | ''I see you.''
|-
| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey || '''_i_ai_aa''' || dances
|-
| _ || _ || _ || _
|-
| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey || '''_oo_i_uu''' || bites
|-
| '''t_g_h_''' || the ''tahu'' in active service || '''_o_i_o''' || is directly affected
|-
| colspan="20" | ''Tuakuumoxu forces the monkey dance. It bites him.''
|}
|}
<br />
====Definiteness====
There are no articles, but the subject of a clause is generally definite and the verb deals with something indefinite. [[Letaale#Inversion|''Inversion'']] (swapping the subject and the verb within a clause) is used to achieve this effect. The resulting transformations produce entirely different looking words, such as the change from '''''mogivo''''' (≈ "the banana") to '''''jimujai''''' (≈ "a banana") in the following sentences.




:{| class="graytable"
:{| class="graytable"
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | '''''Tuamaagavu halaima kuheemii.'''''
| colspan="20" | '''''Keemaxi mogivo.'''''
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[tua̯ˈmaːŋavu hiˈla̯ima kuheːˈmiː]</small>
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈkeːmaʔi ˈmoŋiwo]</small>
|-
|-
| '''''Tua-'''''
| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey  || '''_ee_a_i''' || eats
| colspan="20" | ''<small>NAME OF TAHU IN ACTIVE SERVICE:</small>''
|-
|-
| '''''m_g_v''_''' || ''the banana''  || '''''_e_ee_ii''''' || ''is big''
| '''m_g_v_''' || the banana || '''_o_i_o''' || is physically affected
|-
|-
| '''h_l_m_''' || the named one  || '''_a_ai_a''' || causes
| colspan="20" | ''The monkey eats the banana.''
|-
| '''k_h_m_''' || the house || '''_a_i_ee''' || is on fire
|-
| colspan="20" | ''Tuamaagavu sets the house on fire.''
|}
|}
There are a range of other name classifiers, such as '''''nia-''''', which is used for animals.




:{| class="graytable"
:{| class="graytable"
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | '''''Xaijomuu niamalaixuu malima.'''''
| colspan="20" | '''''Keemaxi jimujai.'''''
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | <small>[ʔai̯ʒoˈmuː nia̯malai̯ˈʔuː ˈmalima] </small>
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈkeːmaʔi ʒimuˈʒai̯]</small>
|-
|-
| '''x_j_m_''' || an extisting one || '''_ai_o_uu''' || is a bird
| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey || '''_ee_a_i''' || eats
|-
|-
| '''''nia-'''''
| '''j_m_j_''' || what is physically affected || '''_i_u_ai''' || is a banana
| colspan="20" | ''<small>NAME OF ANIMAL:</small>''
|-
|-
| '''''m_l_x_''''' || ''the blue one''  || '''''_a_ai_uu''''' || ''flies high''
| colspan="20" | ''The monkey eats a banana.''
|-
| '''m_l_m_''' || the owner  || '''_a_i_a''' || is me
|-
| colspan="20" | ''I have a hyacinth macaw.''
|}
|}
<br />
<br />


====Location====
====Location====
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| '''n_m_n_''' || I  || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat
| '''n_m_n_''' || I  || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat
|-
|-
| '''m_g_v_''' || the banana || '''_o_i_o''' || is directly affected
| '''m_g_v_''' || the banana || '''_o_i_o''' || is physically affected
|-
|-
| '''k_h_m_''' || the house || '''_a_aa_i''' || is a location
| '''k_h_m_''' || the house || '''_a_aa_i''' || is a location
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| '''n_m_n_''' || I  || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat
| '''n_m_n_''' || I  || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat
|-
|-
| '''m_g_v_''' || the banana || '''_o_i_o''' || is directly affected
| '''m_g_v_''' || the banana || '''_o_i_o''' || is physically affected
|-
|-
| '''n_t_m_''' || the location || '''_a_aa_i''' || is a house
| '''n_t_m_''' || the location || '''_a_aa_i''' || is a house
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| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey  || '''_ee_a_i''' || eats
| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey  || '''_ee_a_i''' || eats
|-
|-
| '''m_g_v_''' || the banana || '''_o_i_o''' || is directly affected
| '''m_g_v_''' || the banana || '''_o_i_o''' || is physically affected
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | ''I see the monkey eat the banana.''
| colspan="20" | ''I see the monkey eat the banana.''
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| '''n_m_n_''' || I  || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat
| '''n_m_n_''' || I  || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat
|-
|-
| '''m_g_v_''' || the banana || '''_o_i_o''' || is directly affected
| '''m_g_v_''' || the banana || '''_o_i_o''' || is physically affected
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | ''The monkey and I eat the banana.''
| colspan="20" | ''The monkey and I eat the banana.''
Line 645: Line 646:
| '''t_g_h_''' || the ''tahu''  || '''_uu_a_u''' || hits
| '''t_g_h_''' || the ''tahu''  || '''_uu_a_u''' || hits
|-
|-
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_o_i_o''' || am directly affected
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_o_i_o''' || am physically affected
|-
|-
| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey  || '''_o_i_o''' || is directly affected
| '''k_m_x_''' || the monkey  || '''_o_i_o''' || is physically affected
|-
|-
| '''k_j_m_''' || the dog || '''_o_i_o''' || is directly affected
| '''k_j_m_''' || the dog || '''_o_i_o''' || is physically affected
|-
|-
| colspan="20" | ''The tahu hits me, the monkey, and the dog.''<br />''He hits me, the monkey, and the dog.''
| colspan="20" | ''The tahu hits me, the monkey, and the dog.''<br />''He hits me, the monkey, and the dog.''
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| '''t_g_h_''' || the ''tahu''  || '''_uu_a_u''' || hits
| '''t_g_h_''' || the ''tahu''  || '''_uu_a_u''' || hits
|-
|-
| '''l_v_l_''' || the woman || '''_o_i_o''' || is directly affected
| '''l_v_l_''' || the woman || '''_o_i_o''' || is physically affected
|-
|-
| '''g_m_n_''' || what I'm about to say  || '''_o_aa_e''' || is surprising
| '''g_m_n_''' || what I'm about to say  || '''_o_aa_e''' || is surprising
Imralu
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