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The first class, called the ''Toma''-class (''toma'' means "primary, foremost"), is reserved almost exclusively for humans and certain domesticated animals; a few exceptions occur, such as weapons, or toponyms that are clearly of Golahát origin. Nouns in the ''Toma-''class end in either a final ''-e'', ''-n'', ''-en'', or ''-ne'' in the nominative singular, depending on whether the root ends in a vowel or consonant. Notice that the Accusative is unmarked. Plurality is indicated by CV- reduplication of the first syllable of the root, plus an optional ''-ha'' final suffix added to the case suffix. | The first class, called the ''Toma''-class (''toma'' means "primary, foremost"), is reserved almost exclusively for humans and certain domesticated animals; a few exceptions occur, such as weapons, or toponyms that are clearly of Golahát origin. Nouns in the ''Toma-''class end in either a final ''-e'', ''-n'', ''-en'', or ''-ne'' in the nominative singular, depending on whether the root ends in a vowel or consonant. Notice that the Accusative is unmarked. Plurality is indicated by CV- reduplication of the first syllable of the root, plus an optional ''-ha'' final suffix added to the case suffix. | ||
Nominative | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
Accusative | |+ | ||
Genitive | |- | ||
Comitative | ! rowspan="3"| Case | ||
Ablative | ! colspan="8" | Noun Classes | ||
Allative: | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | First Declension | |||
! colspan="2" |Second Declension | |||
! colspan="2" |Third Declension | |||
! colspan="2" |Fourth Declension | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| sorane | |||
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| talare | |||
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|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| sora | |||
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| talar | |||
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|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| soranai | |||
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| talarai | |||
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|- | |||
! Comitative | |||
| soraie | |||
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| talarie | |||
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|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| soraien | |||
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| talarien | |||
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|- | |||
! Allative | |||
| soraion | |||
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| talarion | |||
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|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| soraiona | |||
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| talari | |||
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|- | |||
! Root | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center|sora | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center|talar | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center|ren | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center|artan | |||
|- | |||
! Meaning | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center|man, human being | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center|bone | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center| tree | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center|speech | |||
|} | |||
Higher animals, particularly mammals and birds, and humans that tend to lack or be deficient in agency, such as infants, make up the second noun class, the ''Reváni''-class (''reváni'' means "honored, honorable"). Unlike the ''Toma'' nouns, the Nominative case is unmarked while the Accusative is explicitly marked. | Higher animals, particularly mammals and birds, and humans that tend to lack or be deficient in agency, such as infants, make up the second noun class, the ''Reváni''-class (''reváni'' means "honored, honorable"). Unlike the ''Toma'' nouns, the Nominative case is unmarked while the Accusative is explicitly marked. |
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