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Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below. | Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below. | ||
Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb ''chikh'' ("to practice", cognate to [[Rttirri]] ''chiu'' "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is ''rnufukh'' ("process", a truncation of ''rrirnufukh'', cognate to Rttirri ''rrirneu''). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;" | ||
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!Gerund | !Gerund | ||
!Meaning | !Meaning | ||
!Biliteral | !Biliteral roots, e.g. ''k-b'' (to stop) | ||
!Triliteral | !Triliteral roots, e.g. ''t-j-n'' (to bother) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! I | ! I | ||
| ''chikh ___'' | |||
| ''chikh ___'' | |||
| ''chikh ___'' | |||
| ''rnufukh ___'' | |||
| to do something | |||
| ''chikh pag'' – he imitates<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*pʰaŋʔ/ [[wiktionary:仿|仿]]) | |||
| ''chikh sanās'' – he spins silk<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*snas/ [[wiktionary:絮|絮]]) | |||
|- | |||
! II | |||
| ''_ō_(e_)'' | | ''_ō_(e_)'' | ||
| ''_ē_(e_)'' | | ''_ē_(e_)'' | ||
| ''_ē_( | | ''_ē_(e_)'' | ||
| ''_ē_( | | ''_ē_(e_)'' | ||
| to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly | | to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly | ||
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly | | ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly | ||
| ''tējen'' – he goes crazy | | ''tējen'' – he goes crazy | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! III | ||
| ''_ā_(a_)'' | | ''_ā_(a_)'' | ||
| ''_ā_(a_)'' | | ''_ā_(a_)'' | ||
| ''_ī_( | | ''_ī_(i_)'' | ||
| ''_ấ_( | | ''_ấ_(â_)'' | ||
| to undergo a process weakly or gradually | | to undergo a process weakly or gradually | ||
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt | | ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt | ||
| ''tājan'' – he hesitates | | ''tājan'' – he hesitates | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! IV | ||
| ''_i_ō(_e)'' | | ''_i_ō(_e)'' | ||
| ''_i_ē(_e)'' | | ''_i_ē(_e)'' | ||
| ''_i_ē( | | ''_i_ē(_e)'' | ||
| ''_i_ē( | | ''_i_ē(_e)'' | ||
| to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly | | to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly | ||
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly | | ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly | ||
| ''tijēne'' – he completely disrupts | | ''tijēne'' – he completely disrupts | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! V | ||
| ''_i_ā(_a)'' | | ''_i_ā(_a)'' | ||
| ''_i_ā(_a)'' | | ''_i_ā(_a)'' | ||
| ''_i_ī( | | ''_i_ī(_i)'' | ||
| ''_i_ấ( | | ''_i_ấ(_â)'' | ||
| to act on someone/something weakly or gradually | | to act on someone/something weakly or gradually | ||
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt | | ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt | ||
| ''tijāna'' – he annoys | | ''tijāna'' – he annoys | ||
|} | |} | ||