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'''Old Zoki''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of Zoki and a few closely related languages spoken in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]]. It is part of the North Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of [[Proto-North-Rttirrian]].
==History==
* As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more [[w:agglutination|agglutinative]], requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Old Zoki possessed the following consonants:
Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!  |
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal-<br>alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
|-
|-
! Nasal
! colspan="2" |
!  Labial
!  Alveolar
!  Palato-<br>alveolar
!  Velar
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''ṇ''' /n̪/
| *'''n''' /n/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Plosive
! rowspan="3" | Plosive
| *'''p''' /p/<br>*'''b''' /b/
! Voiceless
| *'''ṭ''' /t̪/<br>*'''ḍ''' /d̪/
| *'''p''' /p/
| *'''t''' /t/<br>*'''d''' /d/
| *'''t''' /t/
|
| *'''k''' /k/
|-
! Voiced
|
| *'''d''' /d/
|
| *'''g''' /g/
|-
! Aspirated
| *'''ph''' /pʰ/
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
|
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! Voiceless
| *'''f''' /f/
| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
|  
|  
|-
! Voiced
| *'''v''' /v/
|
| *'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|
| *'''k''' /k/<br>*'''g''' /g/
|-
|-
! Fricative
! rowspan="3" | Affricate
| *'''f''' /ɸ/<br>*'''v''' /β/
! Voiced
|
|
| *'''s''' /s/<br>*'''z''' /z/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/<br>*'''zh''' /ʒ/
|
|
| *'''kh''' /x/
| *'''dj''' /d͡ʒ/
|
|-
|-
! Affricate
! Voiceless
|
|
|
|
| *'''j''' /d͡ʒ/
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|
|-
! Aspirated
|
|
|
| *'''cch''' /t͡ʃʰ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Approximant
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''l''' /l/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Flap/Trill
|
| *'''r''' /r/
|
|
| *'''l''' /l/
|
|
| *'''y''' /j/
|
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
The following vowels were used:
The following vowel phonemes are used:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
!
! colspan="2" | Front
! Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! Central
! colspan="2" | Back
! Back
|-
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
|-
! High
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''ī''' /iː/
| *'''u''' /ʉ/
|
|  
|
| *'''u''' /u/
| *'''ū''' /uː/
|-
|-
! Mid-high
! Mid-high
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''ē''' /eː/
|  
|
|
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''ō''' /oː/
|-
|-
! Low-mid
! Mid
|
|
| *'''y''' /ə/
|
|
|-
! Mid-low
|
|
|
|  
| *'''â''' /ɔ/
| *'''ø''' /ɔ/
| *'''ấ''' /ɔː/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|
|
|
| *'''a''' /ä/
| *'''a''' /a/
| *'''ā''' /äː/
|
|
|
|}
|}


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.
===Pronouns===
The following pronouns were used:
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="4" |
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="8" | 3rd
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
! colspan="4" | Sing.
! colspan="4" | Pl.
|-
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
! Nominative
| ''*shig''
| ''*e''
| ''*far''
| ''*ja''
| ''*su''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| ''*sir''
| ''*ris''
| ''*tuj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tur''
| ''*tiraj''
| ''*rini''
|-
! Accusative
| ''*amí''
| ''*esmí''
| ''*fí''
| ''*vosí''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tir''
| ''*rim''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tires''
| ''*rines''
|-
! Genitive
| ''*míne''
| ''*eso''
| ''*tíve''
| ''*shøso''
| colspan="2" | ''*søfó''
| ''*iser''
| ''*rincho''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisom''
| ''*tirom''
| ''*rinom''
|-
! Dative
| ''*mísho''
| ''*esmej''
| ''*phájo''
| ''*fasmej''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| ''*rij''
| ''*rinej''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmø''
| ''*timø''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
|-
! Ablative
| ''*míd''
| ''*esmed''
| ''*fíd''
| ''*fasmed''
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
| ''*rind''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujos''
| ''*turos''
|-
! Locative
| rowspan="2" | ''*muáj''
| ''*esmaj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuáj''
| ''*fasmaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| ''*raj''
| ''*rinch''
| colspan="2" | ''*chø''
| ''*tichø''
| ''*rinchø''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''*esmáj''
| ''*fasmo''
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| ''*rinar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| ''*tiphaj''
| ''*rinash''
|-
! Comitative
| ''*amík''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*fík''
| ''*vosík''
| ''*tyrom''
| colspan="2" | ''*turom''
| ''*rimom''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*turom''
| ''*tirsom''
| ''*rinsom''
|-
! Illative
| ''*míshor''
| ''*esmen''
| ''*phájor''
| ''*fasmen''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| ''*shin''
| ''*rinchar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| ''*turon''
| ''*rinchen''
|}


Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb ''shikh'' ("to practice", cognate to [[Rttirri]] ''chiu'' "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is ''nufukh'' ("process", a truncation of ''rinufukh'', cognate to Rttirri ''rrirneu''). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern.
====Case declension====
Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" |
|-
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
|-
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
! Nominative
| ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| ''*-(y)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
|-
! Accusative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-(e)s''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(e)s''
|-
! Genitive (inalienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(s)om''
|-
! Genitive (alienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-sho''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shom''
|-
! Dative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(y)j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)d''
| colspan="4" | ''*-dom''
|-
! Adessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)ej''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sø''
|-
! Inessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)aj''
| colspan="4" | ''*-jom''
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| colspan="4" | ''*-phaj''
|-
! Comitative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(i)k''
| colspan="4" | ''*-kom''
|-
|-
!colspan="6"|Forms
! Illative
!colspan="2"|Examples
| colspan="4" | ''*-shar''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
|}
 
Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-sh-'''as'''''
:chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
:the chick's
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-∅-'''som'''
:chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
:the chicks'
 
===Verb phrases===
====Person/number conjugation====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!Form
!rowspan="4" |
!Past
!Present
!Future
!Gerund
!Meaning
!Biliteral roots, e.g. ''k-b'' (to stop)
!Triliteral roots, e.g. ''t-j-ṇ'' (to bother)
|-
|-
! I
!colspan="6" | Athematic
| ''shikh ___''
!colspan="6" | Thematic
| ''shikh ___''
| ''shikh ___''
| ''nufukh ___''
| to do something
| ''shikh pag'' – he imitates<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*pʰaŋʔ/ [[wiktionary:仿|仿]])
| ''shikh sanās'' – he spins silk<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*snas/ [[wiktionary:絮|絮]])
|-
|-
! II
!colspan="2" | 1st
| ''_ō_(e_)''
!colspan="2" | 2nd
| ''_ē_(e_)''
!colspan="2" | 3rd
| ''_ē_(e_)''
!colspan="2" | 1st
| ''_ē_(e_)''
!colspan="2" | 2nd
| to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly
!colspan="2" | 3rd
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly
| ''tējeṇ'' – he goes crazy
|-
|-
! III
! Sing.
| ''_ā_(a_)''
! Pl.
| ''_ā_(a_)''
! Sing.
| ''_ī_(i_)''
! Pl.
| ''_ấ_(â_)''
! Sing.
| to undergo a process weakly or gradually
! Pl.
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt
! Sing.
| ''tājaṇ'' – he hesitates
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
|-
! IV
!Past
| ''_i_ō(_e)''
| ''*-ø''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''*-ømí''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''*-as''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''*-etí''
| to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly
| ''*-a''
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly
| ''*-and''
| ''tijēṇe'' – he completely disrupts
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ome''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-ete''
| ''*-ed''
| ''*-ond''
|-
|-
! V
!Present
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''*-ma''
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''*-mos''
| ''_i_ī(_i)''
| ''*-sa''
| ''_i_ấ(_â)''
| ''*-te''
| to act on someone/something weakly or gradually
| ''*-ta''
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''*-ach''
| ''tijāṇa'' – he annoys
| ''*-o''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*-et''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*-och''
|}
|}
Frrurtu
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