User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
! High
! High
| '''i''' /i/<br>'''ì''' /iɐ/
| '''i''' /i/<br>'''ì''' /iə/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/<br>'''ù''' /uɐ/
| '''u''' /u/<br>'''ù''' /uə/
|-
|-
! Mid-high
! Mid-high
| '''é''' /e/<br>'''è''' /eɐ/
| '''é''' /e/<br>'''è''' /eə/
|
|
| '''ó''' /o/<br>'''ò''' /oɐ/
| '''ó''' /o/<br>'''ò''' /oə/
|-
|-
! Low-mid
! Low-mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''û''' /ɐ/
| '''û''' /ə/
| '''o''' /ɔ/
| '''o''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
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| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /a/
|
|
| '''â''' /ɑ/<br>('''ấ''' /ɑɐ/)
| '''â''' /ɑ/<br>('''ấ''' /ɑə/)
|}
|}
* The distinction between /ɑ/ and /ɑɐ/ is a remnant of the historical vowel length distinction in [[Old Zoki]]; vowel shifts since the Old Zoki period have diphthongized most instances of the historical long vowels, while the short vowels have altered in quality. However, in the case of short and long historical */ɔ/, most speakers have merged them to /ɑ/; the diphthongization of historical long */ɔ/ to /ɑɐ/ is now considered a dying feature.
* The distinction between /ɑ/ and /ɑə/ is a remnant of the historical vowel length distinction in [[Old Zoki]]; vowel shifts since the Old Zoki period have diphthongized most instances of the historical long vowels, while the short vowels have altered in quality. However, in the case of short and long historical */ɔ/, most speakers have merged them to /ɑ/; the diphthongization of historical long */ɔ/ to /ɑə/ is now considered a dying feature.
 
==Grammar==
As part of the [[w:Mainland Southeast Asian linguistic area|Southeast Asian sprachbund]], Zoki has lost most of the complex affixational morphology of [[Proto-Rttirrian]] and become highly [[w:analytic language|analytic]]. However, it retains parts of the (already simplified) affixational system of [[Old Zoki]]. Nevertheless, Zoki is no longer considered pro-drop, for example, as several verbal conjugation paradigms have merged together; pronouns are now generally used alongside verbs, except in some informal speech where they may be dropped. Similar processes have occurred in English and French.
 
===Nouns===
The following pronouns are used:
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="3" |
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
! Nominative<br>(emphatic)
| ''nûk''
| ''mo''
| ''at''
| ''sûk''
| ''tù''
| ''âk''
|-
! Accusative
| ''né''
| ''me''
| ''ké''
| ''se''
| ''yo''
| ''gi''
|-
! Possessive
| ''nû''
| ''mé''
| ''ûk''
| ''sû''
| ''â''
| ''e''
|}
 
Two particles may come after the entire noun phrase. One is the non-obligatory plural particle ''mi''; the other is the diminutive ''ûzh''. When multiple diminutive objects are being referred to, the particles may come in either order, although ''mi ûzh'' is more typical.
 
===Verbs===
Verbs conjugate, vestigially, for person and number of the subject:
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="3" |
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
!Past
| ''o-''
| ''o-''
| —
| —
| —
| ''o-''
|-
!Present
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| ''e-''
|-
!Future
| —
| —
| —
| ''j(i)-''
| —
| ''j(i)-''
|}
 
However, consonantal verb roots can fit a large number of verb patterns, each of which puts a different nuance on the action.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
!colspan="6"|Forms
!colspan="2"|Examples
|-
!Form
!Past
!Present
!Future
!Gerund
!Meaning
!Biliteral roots, e.g. ''k-b'' (to stop)
!Triliteral roots, e.g. ''ṭ-j-ṇ'' (to bother)
|-
! I
| '''''shò'''1'''e'''2('''e'''3)''
| '''''shè'''1'''e'''2('''e'''3)''
| '''''shè'''1'''e'''2('''e'''3)''
| '''''nó'''1'''o'''2('''o'''3)''
| to do something<br>skillfully or carefully
|
|
|-
! II
| ''1'''ò'''2('''e'''3)''
| ''1'''è'''2('''e'''3)''
| ''1'''è'''2('''e'''3)''
| ''1'''e'''2('''a'''3)''
| to undergo a process<br>emphatically or suddenly
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly
| ''ṭējeṇ'' – he goes crazy
|-
! III
| ''1'''a'''2('''û'''3)''
| ''1'''a'''2('''û'''3)''
| ''1'''e'''2('''é'''3)''
| ''1'''â'''2('''â'''3)''
| to undergo a process<br>weakly or gradually
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt
| ''ṭājaṇ'' – he hesitates
|-
! IV
| ''1'''é'''2'''ò'''(3'''û''')''
| ''1'''é'''2'''è'''(3'''û''')''
| ''1'''é'''2'''è'''(3'''û''')''
| ''1'''é'''2'''e'''(3'''a''')''
| to act on someone/something<br>emphatically or suddenly
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly
| ''ṭijēṇe'' – he completely disrupts
|-
! V
| ''1'''é'''2'''a'''(3'''û''')''
| ''1'''é'''2'''a'''(3'''û''')''
| ''1'''é'''2'''ì'''(3'''é''')''
| ''1'''é'''2'''â'''(3'''â''')''
| to act on someone/something<br>weakly or gradually
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''ṭijāṇa'' – he annoys
|}
 
The present tense of each verb form is syncretic with either the past or the future tense. This was also the case in Old Zoki, but in that stage of the language, the person/number affixes on the verb encoded unambiguous tense information, which is no longer the case in Modern Zoki. As a result, speakers often use ''mó'' (a truncation of ''mómó'', lit. "now", cognate to Rttirri ''mumu'') to specify that an action is taking place in the present. However, this word may come anywhere in the sentence, though it is found most frequently after the verb.
 
:<nowiki></nowiki>Tù né ttéjanyû.
:3SG.NOM 1SG.ACC annoy.Form_V
:He was/is annoying me.
 
:<nowiki></nowiki>Tù né ttéjanyû '''mó'''.
:3SG.NOM 1SG.ACC annoy.Form_V now
:He is annoying me.
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