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→Aspect and tense
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====Aspect and tense==== | ====Aspect and tense==== | ||
Primary aspect (as covered in the section on [[#Aspect|verbal aspect]]) is shown through ablaut of the root's vowel structure in the following way: | |||
From imperfective to perfective: | |||
*'''a => e''' | |||
*'''o => u''' | |||
Further are 2 aspectual infixes and two tense infixes. In the following X represents a dummy vowel in infixes, determined by the vowel quality of the word. | |||
*The aspectual infixes are frequentative '''-ts-''' and inchoative '''-sp-'''. | |||
*The tense aspects are future '''-kXy-''', and past '''-rX-'''. | |||
All of these can theoretically all together be infixed onto a verb, or participle. Grouping the tense aspects gives a special meaning, depending on which comes | |||
So an example with the imperfect active participle of the root '''ayt-''' (to run) '''"yát"''', meaning a '''running thing''' when used in apposition, or a '''runner''' when used alone: | |||
*'''yát''' - a runner | *'''yát''' - a runner | ||
*'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''') | *'''yáts''' - a frequent runner ('''yát'''+'''ts'''=>'''yáts''') | ||
*'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner | *'''yátasp''' - a beginning runner (double entendre: could be a beginner to the sport, or someone taking off running: '''''yataspín''''' would be runners starting at their mark) | ||
*'''yátkay''' - a future runner | *'''yátkay''' - a future runner | ||
*'''yátra''' - a former runner | *'''yátra''' - a former runner | ||
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*'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped | *'''yatsasparákay''' - a person who began to run frequently and then stopped | ||
The case endings are added to the ends of these forms, just as the verb endings would be added to the end as well, cf: | |||
*'''aytaín''' - they run, are running | |||
*'''aytsaín''' - they frequently run | |||
*'''aytaspaín''' - they begin running | |||
*'''aytraín''' - they were running in the past | |||
*'''aytkayaín''' - they will be running in the future | |||
and of course the possible but ungodly: | |||
*'''aytsasprakayaín''' - they were beginning to be about to be running frequently but then didn't | |||
====Diminutives and augmentatives==== | ====Diminutives and augmentatives==== | ||