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| * In an adjective-noun-noun compound, the adjective refers to the first noun only, whereas when the adjective is used as a separate word, it refers to the entire compound. | | * In an adjective-noun-noun compound, the adjective refers to the first noun only, whereas when the adjective is used as a separate word, it refers to the entire compound. |
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| ==Syntax== | | ==Word order== |
| ===Word order=== | | ===Sentence=== |
| Bearlandic normally has SVO and V2 word order, but questions have a VSO order. Any constituent can be placed in front of the verb to add emphasis, but because of the V2 word order, the subject will have to be moved to directly after the verb. | | Bearlandic normally has SVO and V2 word order, but questions have a VSO order. Any constituent can be placed in front of the verb to add emphasis, but because of the V2 word order, the subject will have to be moved to directly after the verb. |
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| {{Gloss | | {{Gloss |
| | phrase = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss a sgiter. | | | phrase = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss a sgiter. |
| | IPA = /dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː a ˈsxiːtər/
| | | gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit with a gun |
| | gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit with a gun. | |
| | translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit with a gun. | | | translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit with a gun. |
| }} | | }} |
| {{Gloss | | {{Gloss |
| | phrase = Oss a sgiter sgit dē jaggter dē konin. | | | phrase = Oss a sgiter sgit dē jaggter dē konin. |
| | IPA = /ɔsː a ˈsxiːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin/
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| | gloss = With a gun shoot the hunter the rabbit. | | | gloss = With a gun shoot the hunter the rabbit. |
| | translation = With a gun, the hunter shoots the rabbit. | | | translation = With a gun, the hunter shoots the rabbit. |
| }}
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| {{Gloss
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| | phrase = Oss dē a konin zyt sgit dē jaggter dē oss a sgiter.
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| | IPA = /ɔsː dɛ a ˈkoːnin ˈzɛɪ̯t ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ɔsː a sxiːtər/
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| | gloss = If 3SG be.BYF a rabbit shoot the hunter 3SG with a gun.
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| | translation = If there is a rabbit, the hunter shoots it with a gun.
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| }} | | }} |
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| The object is rarely fronted. Instead the passive is used, although an OVS structure with a somewhat different intonation is possible as well: | | The object is usually not fronted; instead the passive is usually used. However, since pronouns distinguish between subject and object forms, if either the subject or the object (or both) is a pronoun, an OVS construction will be used. |
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| {{Gloss | | {{Gloss |
| | phrase = Dē konin vort oss dē jaggter oss a sgiter gisgit. | | | phrase = Dē konin vort oss dē jaggter gisgit. |
| | IPA = /dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈvoːrt ɔsː dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ɔsː a ˈsxiːtər ɣiˈsxiːt/
| | | gloss = The rabbit become by the hunter PERF-shoot-PERF. |
| | gloss = The rabbit PASS by the hunter with a gun PERF-shoot. | |
| | translation = The rabbit is shot by the hunter with a gun. | | | translation = The rabbit is shot by the hunter with a gun. |
| }} | | }} |
| {{Gloss | | {{Gloss |
| | phrase = Dē konin sgit dē jaggter oss a sgiter. | | | phrase = Dē konin sgit ig. |
| | IPA = /dɛ ↗ˈkoːnin ↘ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ɔsː a ↗ˈsxiː↘tər/
| | | gloss = The rabbit shoot I. |
| | gloss = The rabbit shoot the hunter with a gun. | | | translation = The rabbit I shoot. |
| | translation = The rabbit is shot by the hunter with a gun. | |
| }} | | }} |
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| ===The byform=== | | ===Noun phrase=== |
| As mentioned earlier, the byform is historically an infinitive. However, a few centuries ago its meaning somehow shifted so now both the historical infinitive and the present can be used after auxiliary verbs, with a small difference in meaning: the byform indicates some kind of certainty whereas the present has a more hypothetical meaning. In other words: the historical distinction between infinitive/indicative has become a distinction between ''bipaltnē'' "definite" and ''nitzykrig'' "uncertain".
| | Within the noun phrase the word order is determiner - number - adjective(s) - noun - modifying phrase, where the modifying phrase may be either a relative clause or a prepositional phrase. A single noun phrase may contain several adjectives, though all other elements can appear only once. |
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| As the infinitive was only used in clauses with multiple verbs, this distinction also only arose in such sentences. Furthermore, the infinitive used to appear at the end of the clause, whereas the conjugated auxiliary verbs were placed on the second position, as usual. This is still true in modern Bearlandic, so in the definite mood the byform comes at the end and in the uncertain mood it appears on the second position.
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| The exact use of the definite and uncertain moods vary by dialect, some using the one more often that the other and vice versa.
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| To illustrate this, here are two sentences, one with definite and one with uncertain:
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| {{Gloss | | {{Gloss |
| | phrase = Dē jaggter will sgit dē konin. | | | phrase = dē tri klyn witt hissē inn dē tarrp |
| | IPA = /dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː ˈsxiːt dɛ koːnin/
| | | gloss = the three small white house.PL in the village |
| | gloss = The hunter want shoot the rabbit. | | | translation = the three small white houses in the village |
| | translation = The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit (but he may fail to do so). | |
| }}
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| {{Gloss
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| | phrase = Dē jaggter will dē konin sgitē.
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| | IPA = /dɛ ˈjaxːtər ˈʋɪlː dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ/
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| | gloss = The hunter want the rabbit shoot-BYF.
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| | translation = The hunter wants to shoot the rabbit (and he won't go home until he's done so).
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| }} | | }} |
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| | ==Complex sentences== |
| ===Subordinate clauses=== | | ===Subordinate clauses=== |
| Subordinate clauses always begin with a subordinating word, which, depending on the type of clause, is either a conjunction or a relative pronoun, and can be preceded by a preposition. Subclauses have the same distinction between definite/uncertain as auxiliary verbs. | | Subordinate clauses always begin with a subordinating word, which, depending on the type of clause, is either a conjunction or a relative pronoun, and can be preceded by a preposition. Subclauses have the same distinction between definite/uncertain as auxiliary verbs. The main subordinators are: |
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| ====Noun clauses====
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| Noun clauses begin with the conjunction ''dass'', which becomes ''dy'' when preceded by a preposition.
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| {{Gloss
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| | phrase = Ig wet dass dē jaggter dē konin sgitē.
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| | IPA = /ix ˈʋeːt dɑsː dɛ ˈjaxːtər dɛ ˈkoːnin ˈsxiːtɛ/
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| | gloss = I know that the hunter the rabbit shoot-BYF
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| | translation = I know that the hunter shoots the rabbit.
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| }}
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| {{Gloss
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| | phrase = Ig will wet oss dy hi jaggt oss konins.
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| | IPA = /ix ˈʋɪlː ˈʋeːt ɔsː dɛɪ̯ hi ˈjɑxːt ɔsː ˈkoːnins/
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| | gloss = I want know on that he hunt on rabbits
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| | translation = I'd like to know whether he hunts rabbits.
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| }}
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| {{Gloss
| | *''dass'': introduces a complement clause. Unlike in English, it cannot be left out. When used after a preposition, it becomes ''dy''. |
| | phrase = Zess wast toig oss dy wass zess muti túē.
| | *''oss dy'': whether. |
| | IPA = /zɛsː ˈʋaːst ˈtoːix ɔsː dɛɪ̯ ʋɑsː zɛsː ˈmyːti ˈtuːɛ/
| | *''oss dy'' + interrogative pronoun: introduces an indirect question. |
| | gloss = They be.PST two-ADJZ on that what they must-PST do-BYF
| | *''oss'' + definite: because |
| | translation = They were disputing what they had to do.
| | *''oss'' + uncertain: if |
| }}
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| ====Conditional and causal clauses==== | | ===Participial phrases=== |
| Conditional and causal clauses both begin with the conjunction ''oss'', and are distinguished from each other by the choice of verb form.
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| {{Gloss
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| | phrase = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē iss hiess verking.
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| | IPA = /dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː dɛ ˈɪsː ˈhiːɛsː ˈveːrkiŋ/
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| | gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit if it be his job.
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| | translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit if it's his job.
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| }}
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| {{Gloss
| | ===Independent infinitives=== |
| | phrase = Dē jaggter sgit dē konin oss dē hiess verking zyt.
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| | IPA = /dɛ ˈjɑxːtər ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈkoːnin ɔsː dɛ ˈhiːɛsː ˈveːrkiŋ ˈzɛɪ̯t/
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| | gloss = The hunter shoot the rabbit because it his job be.BYF.
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| | translation = The hunter shoots the rabbit because it's his job.
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| }}
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| ====Relative clauses====
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| Relative clauses always begin with a [[#Relative pronouns|relative pronoun]], or a combination of a preposition and a relative pronoun. The verb always comes directly after the subject, which in its turn is placed directly after the relative pronoun, should that not already be the subject.
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| {{Gloss
| | ==Negation== |
| | phrase = dē mann wē et a fiss
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| | IPA = /dɛ ˈmɑnː ʋɛ ˈeːt a ˈfɪsː/
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| | gloss = the man REL eat a fish
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| | translation = the man who eats a fish.
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| }}
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| {{Gloss
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| | phrase = dē fiss dē dē mann ytē
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| | IPA = /dɛ ˈfɪsː dɛ dɛ ˈmɑnː ˈɛɪ̯tɛ/
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| | gloss = the fish REL the man eat.BYF
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| | translation = the fish (that) the man eats
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| }}
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| ===Separable verbs===
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| Separable verbs are separated in independent clauses without auxiliary verbs and conjoined in subordinate clauses. When separated from the root, the separable particle comes directly after the object.
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| {{Gloss
| | ==Questions== |
| | phrase = Ig frag emm aus.
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| | IPA = /ix ˈfraːx ɛmː aʊ̯s/
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| | gloss = I ask him out
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| | translation = I answer him.
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| }}
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| {{Gloss
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| | phrase = ... dass ig emm ausfragē.
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| | IPA = /dɑsː ix ɛmː ˈaʊ̯sfraːɣɛ/
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| | gloss = that I him out-ask-BYF
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| | translation = ... that I answer him.
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| }}
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| In main clauses with auxiliary verbs it's slightly more complicated. As mentioned in the [[#Word order|word order section]], both an SVVO and an SVOV word order can be used. This remains true when the main verb is separable, but with one extra addition: in the SVVO construction, the verb is separated, but not in the SVOV construction.
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| {{Gloss
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| | phrase = Ig kuss frag emm aus.
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| | IPA = /ix kʏsː ˈfraːx ɛmː aʊ̯s/
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| | gloss = I can ask him out
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| | translation = I can answer him.
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| }}
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| {{Gloss
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| | phrase = Ig kuss emm ausfragē.
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| | IPA = /ix kʏsː ɛmː ˈaʊ̯sfraːɣɛ/
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| | gloss = I can him out-ask-BYF
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| | translation = I can answer him.
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| }}
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| ===Questions===
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| Yes-no questions are made by inverting the subject and the verb and raising the tone: | | Yes-no questions are made by inverting the subject and the verb and raising the tone: |
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| As interrogative pronouns don't distinguish subject and object forms, this question could also be translated as "Whom did the rabbit shoot?". This is however rare; the latter would normally be expressed using a passive: "Wi virti oss dē konin gisgit?". | | As interrogative pronouns don't distinguish subject and object forms, this question could also be translated as "Whom did the rabbit shoot?". This is however rare; the latter would normally be expressed using a passive: "Wi virti oss dē konin gisgit?". |
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| ===Noun phrases=== | | ==''Dē zyt''== |
| The word order in noun phrases is preposition-determiner-number-adjective(s)-noun-modifying phrase. The modifying phrase can be either a prepositional phrase or a relative clause. There can be multiple adjectives within a single noun phrase, but the other elements can all only appear once. | | The phrase ''dē zyt'' "there is, exist" behaves a bit oddly syntactically. The word ''dē'' is treated as the subject, while the thing that exists behaves as an object. |
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| {{Gloss
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| | phrase = inn miess to aut klyn grys hausen inn dē tarrp
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| | IPA = /ɪnːˈ miːɛsː toː aʊ̯t klɛɪ̯n ɣrɛɪ̯s ˈhaʊ̯sən ɪnː dɛ tɑrːp/
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| | gloss = in my two old small grey house-PL in the village
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| | translation = in my two old small grey houses in the village
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| }}
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| ===Existentials===
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| Existentials use the phrase ''dē zyt'':
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| {{Gloss | | {{Gloss |
| | phrase = Dē zyt a haus. | | | phrase = Dē zyt a haus. |
| | IPA = /dɛ ˈzɛɪ̯t a ˈhaʊ̯s/
| | | gloss = PT exist a house. |
| | gloss = 3SG.N be.BYF a house | | | translation = there is a house. |
| | translation = There is a house. | |
| }} | | }} |
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| The past is ''dē zyti''. This is the only case where a past byform is used.
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| {{Gloss
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| | phrase = Dē zyti a haus.
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| | IPA = /dɛ ˈzɛɪ̯ti a ˈhaʊ̯s/
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| | gloss = 3SG.N be.BYF-PST a house
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| | translation = There was a house.
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| }}
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| When existentials occur in subclauses, they always use the byform, even if the verb isn't placed at the end of the clause and a present would normally be used.
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| {{Gloss
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| | phrase = ... dass dē zyt a haus.
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| | IPA = /dɑsː dɛ ˈzɛɪ̯t a ˈhaʊ̯s/
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| | gloss = that 3SG.N be.BYF a house
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| | translation = ... that there is a house.
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| }}
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| Using a present here would change the meaning: "dass dē ''iss'' a haus" would mean "that ''it'' is a house" rather than "that ''there'' is a house.
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| Sometimes, mostly in formal writing, a similar construction with other verbs can be used.
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| {{Gloss
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| | phrase = Dē ytē imant a appoll.
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| | IPA = /dɛ ˈɛɪ̯tɛ ˈimant a ˈɑpːɔlː/
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| | gloss = 3SG.N eat.BYF someone an apple
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| | translation = There is someone eating an apple. = Someone is eating an apple.
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| }}
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| Unlike with the normal existentials, the past of this construction uses a normal past.
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| {{Gloss | | {{Gloss |
| | phrase = Dē ati imant a appoll. | | | phrase = Mi zyt dē. |
| | IPA = /dɛ ˈati ˈimant a ˈɑpːɔlː/
| | | gloss = 1SG.OBJ exist PT |
| | gloss = 3SG.N eat.PST someone an apple | | | translation = I exist. |
| | translation = There was someone eating an apple. = Someone was eating an apple. | |
| }} | | }} |
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