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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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==Particles== | ==Particles== | ||
The numerous particles in the Chlouvānem language have various uses, including coordinating conjunctions, semantic, and pragmatic particles. Most of them (except a few conjunctions) follow the word they modify. Here they are listed in Latin alphabetical order: | The numerous particles in the Chlouvānem language have various uses, including coordinating conjunctions, semantic, and pragmatic particles. Most of them (except a few conjunctions) follow the word they modify. Here they are listed in Latin alphabetical order: | ||
* '''dam''' is an interrogative particle, put after the verb: ''dalьtah væl dam?'' "is it a fish?". | |||
* '''e''' translates "like"; it requires essive case with nouns (in formal speech; while bare essive most properly has the meaning "as X" instead of "like X", colloquially it is used both ways) and subjunctive mood with realis verbs (other moods are used for their meaning). | * '''e''' translates "like"; it requires essive case with nouns (in formal speech; while bare essive most properly has the meaning "as X" instead of "like X", colloquially it is used both ways) and subjunctive mood with realis verbs (other moods are used for their meaning). | ||
* '''en''' usually requires accusative case and translates to English "than" in comparisons. | * '''en''' usually requires accusative case and translates to English "than" in comparisons. | ||
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* '''gāri''' means "not even", being the opposite of ''eri'', marking a negative emphasis in negative sentences (e.g. ''chāra chlouvānumi dældān gāri gu dældire ša'' "(s)he doesn't even speak correct Chlouvānem") | * '''gāri''' means "not even", being the opposite of ''eri'', marking a negative emphasis in negative sentences (e.g. ''chāra chlouvānumi dældān gāri gu dældire ša'' "(s)he doesn't even speak correct Chlouvānem") | ||
* '''golat''' translates "meanwhile" or "on the other hand". | * '''golat''' translates "meanwhile" or "on the other hand". | ||
* '''gu(n) — ša''' is a circumfix around verbs used to negate it, e.g. ''gu | * '''gu(n) — ša''' is a circumfix around verbs used to negate it, e.g. ''gu yuyųlsėnilь ša'' "(s)he doesn't want to eat"). | ||
* '''laha''' means "only, just", e.g. ''lārvājuṣui laha flå'' "I'm only going to the temple". | * '''laha''' means "only, just", e.g. ''lārvājuṣui laha flå'' "I'm only going to the temple". | ||
* '''lapi''' means "with"; when used in instrumental sense it requires ergative case, while the comitative sense requires the essive. | * '''lapi''' means "with"; when used in instrumental sense it requires ergative case, while the comitative sense requires the essive. | ||
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* '''mbu''' means "or"; placement with nouns is the same as ''no''/''lasь'', and with verbs it's often the same as ''sama''. | * '''mbu''' means "or"; placement with nouns is the same as ''no''/''lasь'', and with verbs it's often the same as ''sama''. | ||
* '''mei''' and '''go''' are the Chlouvānem words for "yes" and "no" respectively; their use is however different from English, as they are used according to the polarity of the question: ''mei'' answers "yes" to affirmative questions and "no" to negative questions; ''go'' answers "no" to affirmative questions and "yes" to negative questions. | * '''mei''' and '''go''' are the Chlouvānem words for "yes" and "no" respectively; their use is however different from English, as they are used according to the polarity of the question: ''mei'' answers "yes" to affirmative questions and "no" to negative questions; ''go'' answers "no" to affirmative questions and "yes" to negative questions. | ||
* '''menni''' translates "because, for". If there's a following main clause, then it's the last word in the subordinate of reason (this use is synonymous to the consequential secondary verbal mood of cause); if it's a lone sentence (an answer), then it is usually at the ''second'' place in the sentence, after the verbal trigger (e.g. ''tami menni | * '''menni''' translates "because, for". If there's a following main clause, then it's the last word in the subordinate of reason (this use is synonymous to the consequential secondary verbal mood of cause); if it's a lone sentence (an answer), then it is usually at the ''second'' place in the sentence, after the verbal trigger (e.g. ''tami menni yuyųlsėnilь'' "because (s)he wants to eat"). | ||
* '''mūji''' translates "almost", "more or less" | * '''mūji''' translates "almost", "more or less" | ||
* '''mæn''' [[Chlouvānem#Use of the topic|marks the topic]] which otherwise has no role in the sentence (often used inside larger conversations, e.g. ''lili mæn yulte kåmbe'' (mine/as for me (echoing a previous sentence), [it is] in the bright yellow backpack; OR: as for me, [I keep it] in...)). | * '''mæn''' [[Chlouvānem#Use of the topic|marks the topic]] which otherwise has no role in the sentence (often used inside larger conversations, e.g. ''lili mæn yulte kåmbe'' (mine/as for me (echoing a previous sentence), [it is] in the bright yellow backpack; OR: as for me, [I keep it] in...)). | ||
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* '''natte''' translates "until", with a noun in translative case (or dative case for places, meaning "as far as")<ref>Compare ''ājvan natte'' "until dawn" and ''līlasuṃghāṇa kahėrimaila ga keikui natte'' "as far as Līlasuṃghāṇa Kahėrimaila Station".</ref> or a verb in the subjunctive. | * '''natte''' translates "until", with a noun in translative case (or dative case for places, meaning "as far as")<ref>Compare ''ājvan natte'' "until dawn" and ''līlasuṃghāṇa kahėrimaila ga keikui natte'' "as far as Līlasuṃghāṇa Kahėrimaila Station".</ref> or a verb in the subjunctive. | ||
* '''ni''' translates "but" as a coordinating conjunction. | * '''ni''' translates "but" as a coordinating conjunction. | ||
* '''no''' translates English "and" when between nouns and when denoting a complete listing; for incomplete listings (e.g. "X and Y and so on") the particle '''lasь''' is used. Both follow the noun they refer to, and in listings with more than two nouns they follow every noun except the first. They can also translate "and" between verbs, but ''sama'' is preferred between sentences, especially with different subjects (e.g. '' | * '''no''' translates English "and" when between nouns and when denoting a complete listing; for incomplete listings (e.g. "X and Y and so on") the particle '''lasь''' is used. Both follow the noun they refer to, and in listings with more than two nouns they follow every noun except the first. They can also translate "and" between verbs, but ''sama'' is preferred between sentences, especially with different subjects (e.g. ''yąlunilь molunilь no'' "I eat and drink", either ''mėlitu yąlunilь kolecañu molunilь no'' or ''mėlitu yąlunilь sama kolecañu molunilь'' "I eat curry and drink kvas", but most often ''mėlitu yąlunilь sama liliā ñæltah kolecañu molėnilь'' "I eat curry and my sister drinks kvas". Note that ''mėlitu yąlunilь liliā ñæltah kolecañu molėnilь no'' is still correct, but mostly found in literary or very formal language). | ||
* '''pa''' translates "on, of, about; concerning, on the subject of", and requires a noun direct case or a verb in subjunctive mood. | * '''pa''' translates "on, of, about; concerning, on the subject of", and requires a noun direct case or a verb in subjunctive mood. | ||
* '''sama''' translates "and" as a coordinating conjunction between clauses. If the following word starts with a vowel, it is shortened to '''sam''''. | * '''sama''' translates "and" as a coordinating conjunction between clauses. If the following word starts with a vowel, it is shortened to '''sam''''. | ||
* '''tī''' translates "because", "for", and it is always in the second clause of a sentence: '' | * '''tī''' translates "because", "for", and it is always in the second clause of a sentence: ''dadrāṃniliå tī daudiau'' "I have done it because I wanted to". | ||
* '''tora''' translates "also", "too", usually before the verb (e.g. ''tora | * '''tora''' translates "also", "too", usually before the verb (e.g. ''tora uyųlaṃniliå'' "I've eaten that too"); note that "also" as a conjunction between two sentences is usually translated with ''nanū'' (more). | ||
** '''tora gu''' is a particle-adjective locution translating "not even", and is put before the noun it refers to; | ** '''tora gu''' is a particle-adjective locution translating "not even", and is put before the noun it refers to; | ||
** '''tora no''', after the noun, translates "even" - e.g. ''tami tora no | ** '''tora no''', after the noun, translates "even" - e.g. ''tami tora no dadrāniliå'' "even he has done it it"). | ||
* '''tælū''' means "again". | * '''tælū''' means "again". | ||
* '''væse''' translates "while", "meanwhile", with an essive (or, depending on meaning, exessive or translative) noun or a verb of the semantically correct mood. | * '''væse''' translates "while", "meanwhile", with an essive (or, depending on meaning, exessive or translative) noun or a verb of the semantically correct mood. | ||
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===Paired particles=== | ===Paired particles=== | ||
The paired particles in Chlouvānem are: | The paired particles in Chlouvānem are: | ||
* '''gu''' X '''tora gu''' Y '''no''' — translating "neither X nor Y"; e.g. ''gu jādāh tora gu lañekaica no | * '''gu''' X '''tora gu''' Y '''no''' — translating "neither X nor Y"; e.g. ''gu jādāh tora gu lañekaica no drayivėniliå'' "neither Jādāh nor Lañekaica did it". | ||
* X '''jusęe''' Y '''mbu''' — translating "either X or Y". ''jusęe'' is a worn-down form of ''jususęe'', adverb form of ''jususas'', present participle of ''gyake'' (to be). e.g. ''jādāh jusęe lañekaica mbu | * X '''jusęe''' Y '''mbu''' — translating "either X or Y". ''jusęe'' is a worn-down form of ''jususęe'', adverb form of ''jususas'', present participle of ''gyake'' (to be). e.g. ''jādāh jusęe lañekaica mbu drayivėniliå'' "either Jādāh or Lañekaica did it". | ||
* X '''jusęe''' Y '''tora no''' — translating "both X and Y"; e.g. ''jādāh jusęe lañekaica tora no | * X '''jusęe''' Y '''tora no''' — translating "both X and Y"; e.g. ''jādāh jusęe lañekaica tora no drayivėniliå'' "both Jādāh and Lañekaica did it". | ||
===Emphatic particles=== | ===Emphatic particles=== | ||
A few particles are used (usually sentence-finally) in order to convey particular feelings of the speaker about the statement: | A few particles are used (usually sentence-finally) in order to convey particular feelings of the speaker about the statement: | ||
* '''å''' expresses either surprise (at the beginning of a sentence) or that the fact is considered annoying (at the end), e.g. ''å viṣęe | * '''å''' expresses either surprise (at the beginning of a sentence) or that the fact is considered annoying (at the end), e.g. ''å viṣęe dadrānilь'' "wow, (s)he's done it again!" / ''viṣęe dadrānilь å'' "oh no, (s)he's done it again!" | ||
* '''e''' is a basic declarative particle when used word-finally, and is often used as an introduction (much like "you know, ...") or as a generic filler. | * '''e''' is a basic declarative particle when used word-finally, and is often used as an introduction (much like "you know, ...") or as a generic filler. | ||
* '''nane''' is a tag question, e.g. ''camiyūs vali dam nane?'' "you're from Cami, aren't you?" | * '''nane''' is a tag question, e.g. ''camiyūs vali dam nane?'' "you're from Cami, aren't you?" | ||
* '''noihā''' is a tag question much like ''nane'', but is used when the speaker is in doubt and/or expects a contradictory answer, e.g. ''flære | * '''noihā''' is a tag question much like ''nane'', but is used when the speaker is in doubt and/or expects a contradictory answer, e.g. ''flære draunilьet dam noihā?'' "did I do it yesterday, or...?" | ||
* '''sāṭ''' expresses the speaker's doubt about the honesty of the expressed action, e.g. ''tamie tamiu draukæ sāṭ'' "(s)he did it for me, but I don't believe that's what (s)he really wanted" or "as if (s)he really did it for me!" | * '''sāṭ''' expresses the speaker's doubt about the honesty of the expressed action, e.g. ''tamie tamiu draukæ sāṭ'' "(s)he did it for me, but I don't believe that's what (s)he really wanted" or "as if (s)he really did it for me!" | ||
* '''tau''' emphasizes that the fact expressed is considered obvious, and is fairly colloquial, e.g. ''lārvājuṣe mos tau'' "huh, I was at the temple, nothing else"; ''kitui vasau tau'' "I drove home [what else could I do?]" | * '''tau''' emphasizes that the fact expressed is considered obvious, and is fairly colloquial, e.g. ''lārvājuṣe mos tau'' "huh, I was at the temple, nothing else"; ''kitui vasau tau'' "I drove home [what else could I do?]" | ||
* '''tva''' puts strong emphasis on a declarative sentence; it is fairly colloquial and not polite, and thus avoided in formal speech, e.g. ''nenėyu | * '''tva''' puts strong emphasis on a declarative sentence; it is fairly colloquial and not polite, and thus avoided in formal speech, e.g. ''nenėyu daudiunilь tati ukulaṃnilь tva!'' "damn, I said I want that, shut up!" | ||
==Derivational morphology - Vāmbeithauseh maivāndarāmita== | ==Derivational morphology - Vāmbeithauseh maivāndarāmita== | ||