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User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51: Difference between revisions
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*/ʉ, ɵ/ are always fully back [uː, oː]. | */ʉ, ɵ/ are always fully back [uː, oː]. | ||
=== | ===Tecadh an bhFuŋŋ accent=== | ||
non-lambdic, L-colored vowels similar to Códha | non-lambdic, L-colored vowels similar to Códha | ||
*''l'' = [ʁ] after a consonant, just realized as a difference in vowel quality otherwise: | *''l'' = [ʁ] after a consonant, just realized as a difference in vowel quality otherwise: | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns are classed into two genders, masculine (''reist ŋullán'' /ˈɾɪst ˈŋʊʟaːn/) and feminine (''reist dhéán'' /ˈɾɪst ˈðeːaːn/); they are also inflected in two numbers (singular and plural) and three states (indefinite, definite, construct). There are some trends in gender assignment of nouns: for example, substances tend to be masculine, and abstract concepts and processes tend to be feminine. The construct suffix is usually ''- | Nouns are classed into two genders, masculine (''reist ŋullán'' /ˈɾɪst ˈŋʊʟaːn/) and feminine (''reist dhéán'' /ˈɾɪst ˈðeːaːn/); they are also inflected in two numbers (singular and plural) and three states (indefinite, definite, construct). There are some trends in gender assignment of nouns: for example, substances tend to be masculine, and abstract concepts and processes tend to be feminine. The construct suffix is usually ''-adh/-edh'' for singular nouns and ''-ann/-enn'' for plural nouns; however, for Netagin loans no suffix is used for the singular construct. | ||
There are no possessive suffixes, unlike in [[Thensarian]] or other Talmic languages. If the possessor is a pronoun, the disjunctive form of the pronoun is used with the construct state: e.g. ''suaradh | There are no possessive suffixes, unlike in [[Thensarian]] or other Talmic languages. If the possessor is a pronoun, the disjunctive form of the pronoun is used with the construct state: e.g. ''suaradh scainedh ná'' 'my friend's house'. | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|Construct | !|Construct | ||
|''máradh''||'' | |''máradh''||''máirenn'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|Construct | !|Construct | ||
|'' | |''scainedh''||''scainenn'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;" | {| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''sert'' 'pole' (feminine, declension 3) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓ | !style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|Indefinite | !|Indefinite | ||
|'' | |''sert''||''sertar'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Definite | !|Definite | ||
|''an | |''an zsert''||''na sertar'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Construct | !|Construct | ||
|'' | |''sertadh''||''sertann'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
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*''tach'' = where? | *''tach'' = where? | ||
*''tuín, tiann'' = why? | *''tuín, tiann'' = why? | ||
*'' | *''tér'' = how? | ||
*''tís'' = when? | *''tís'' = when? | ||
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Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestral Thensarian. | Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestral Thensarian. | ||
'' | ''ebh'' = 'after', ''ebhta'' = near/next to | ||
The sequences ''le'' + ''an'' and ''de'' + ''an'' contract to '' | The sequences ''le'' + ''an'' and ''de'' + ''an'' contract to ''len'' /ʟɛn/ and ''den'' /dɛn/. | ||
The 1sg and 2sg forms of prepositions are stressed on the last syllable; all other forms have initial stress. | The 1sg and 2sg forms of prepositions are stressed on the last syllable; all other forms have initial stress. | ||
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''Ar'' 'on' can be used to indicate obligation, similarly to Irish and Hebrew: | ''Ar'' 'on' can be used to indicate obligation, similarly to Irish and Hebrew: | ||
:'''''Aran an cáin le | :'''''Aran an cáin le descach.''''' | ||
:on-1SG DEF.SG.M food to eat-VN | :on-1SG DEF.SG.M food to eat-VN | ||
:''I have to eat the food.'' | :''I have to eat the food.'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
| ''idigh ná''<br/>'' | | ''idigh ná''<br/>''iden'' | ||
| ''idú'' | | ''idú'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
| ''idigh éid''<br/>'' | | ''idigh éid''<br/>''ided'' (''poetic'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
| ''idear'' | | ''idear'' | ||
| ''idigh zéid''<br/>'' | | ''idigh zéid''<br/>''ides'' (''poetic'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3.m | !|3.m | ||
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The suffix ''<sup>i</sup>-ín'' is added to the stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ''lu''. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in ''Étaoin'' {{PAGENAME}}. | The suffix ''<sup>i</sup>-ín'' is added to the stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ''lu''. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in ''Étaoin'' {{PAGENAME}}. | ||
:''''' | :'''''Cáisín luc rúinn.''''' | ||
:''I ate/have eaten a fruit.'' | :''I ate/have eaten a fruit.'' | ||
====Pluperfect tense==== | ====Pluperfect tense==== | ||
'' | ''g'lao'' + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite. | ||
*'' | *''g'lao moilín ná'' 'I had thanked' | ||
*'' | *''g'lao idín hí'' 'she had lain' | ||
====Future tense==== | ====Future tense==== | ||
The future tense is formed by suffixing the future marker ''t'' and conjugating the result like a present tense verb. | The future tense is formed by suffixing the future marker ''t'' and conjugating the result like a present tense verb. | ||
The future marker ''-t-'' becomes ''-at-/- | The future marker ''-t-'' becomes ''-at-/-et-'' after ''t, d, th, dh'' and ''-th-'' after ''b, p, g, c''. | ||
====Future perfect tense==== | ====Future perfect tense==== | ||
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!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| '' | | ''hided!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
| ''hid!'' | | ''hid!'' | ||
| '' | | ''hides!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3.m | !|3.m | ||
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Some markers for verbal nouns: | Some markers for verbal nouns: | ||
*''-ach/- | *''-ach/-ech'' | ||
*''-as/-is'' | *''-as/-is'' | ||
*''-t/-ta/-te'' | *''-t/-ta/-te'' | ||
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Below are some common {{PAGENAME}} derivational affixes. In addition to derivational affixes, Tíogall uses compound nouns like German; also, some productive prefixes has been re-analyzed into existence from Old Tíogall prefix combinations. This allowed Tíogall to coin new native words instead of using loanwords. | Below are some common {{PAGENAME}} derivational affixes. In addition to derivational affixes, Tíogall uses compound nouns like German; also, some productive prefixes has been re-analyzed into existence from Old Tíogall prefix combinations. This allowed Tíogall to coin new native words instead of using loanwords. | ||
*''-e'' (f): nominalizer | *''-e'' (f): nominalizer | ||
*''-abh/- | *''-abh/-ebh'' (m): nominalizer | ||
*''-ach/- | *''-ach/-ech, -achar/-echar'' (f): verbal noun (the most common suffix) | ||
*''-ám, -áma'' (m/f): augmentative (from Netagin) | *''-ám, -áma'' (m/f): augmentative (from Netagin) | ||
*''-án/-eán, -áin/-eáin'': adjectivizer | *''-án/-eán, -áin/-eáin'': adjectivizer | ||
*''-ar, -ara'': augmentative (Talmic) | *''-ar, -ara'': augmentative (Talmic) | ||
*''-aim, - | *''-aim, -aimer'' = female suffix | ||
**''-óiŋ'' > ''-óiŋim'' | **''-óiŋ'' > ''-óiŋim'' | ||
*''-ú'' (f.): abstract nouns; -hood | *''-ú'' (f.): abstract nouns; -hood | ||
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==Phrasebook== | ==Phrasebook== | ||
*{{abbtip|/ə ˈsɛxtə ʟɪs/|''An Saichte leis!''}} (to one person)/{{abbtip|/ə ˈsɛxtə ʟɛk/|''An Saichte | *{{abbtip|/ə ˈsɛxtə ʟɪs/|''An Saichte leis!''}} (to one person)/{{abbtip|/ə ˈsɛxtə ʟɛk/|''An Saichte lec!''}} (to ≥2 people) = Hello! (lit. "the spirit-complex [give blessing] to you") | ||
*{{abbtip|/ˈmœʟə/|''Moile!''}} = Thank you! | *{{abbtip|/ˈmœʟə/|''Moile!''}} = Thank you! | ||
*{{abbtip|/ʟə ˈheːˌgantə/|''Le h-éganta!''}} = Goodbye! (lit. "to meeting") | *{{abbtip|/ʟə ˈheːˌgantə/|''Le h-éganta!''}} = Goodbye! (lit. "to meeting") | ||
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*{{abbtip|/ˈstaːnsə ˈbœɾə ʟɪs/| ''Stánsa boire leis!''}} = Happy Stannsa! | *{{abbtip|/ˈstaːnsə ˈbœɾə ʟɪs/| ''Stánsa boire leis!''}} = Happy Stannsa! | ||
*{{abbtip|/ˈsŋøːˌxɾeː ˈvœɾə ʟɪs/| ''Sŋaoichré bhoire leis!''}} = Happy birthday! | *{{abbtip|/ˈsŋøːˌxɾeː ˈvœɾə ʟɪs/| ''Sŋaoichré bhoire leis!''}} = Happy birthday! | ||
*{{abbtip|/ˈɪθəl ˈhyŋaːn ʟɪn/|'' | *{{abbtip|/ˈɪθəl ˈhyŋaːn ʟɪn/|''Ither huiŋeán lion.''}} = Nice to meet you. | ||
*''Aeilligh ná iar.'' / ''Aeilligh ná 'r.'' = I love you. | *''Aeilligh ná iar.'' / ''Aeilligh ná 'r.'' = I love you. | ||
*''Ní thnáighin leis!'' = I don't believe you! | *''Ní thnáighin leis!'' = I don't believe you! | ||
*''Brós na | *''Brós na dellar iar guirenta.'' = Lower your standards. ("Put your eyes lower.") | ||
*''Suinmigh hú'' = it makes sense ("it tunes") | *''Suinmigh hú'' = it makes sense ("it tunes") | ||
*[repeat verb] = Yes, X does [verb]. (reply to ''Is '' [verb] ''... ?'') | *[repeat verb] = Yes, X does [verb]. (reply to ''Is '' [verb] ''... ?'') | ||